What do these organisms have in common?

CELLS CREATED BY: ASHLEY REID HEATHER WATSON MICHAEL ACHEE

WHAT WE WILL BE COVERING What is a cell? The types of cells Examples of these cells The organelles and their functions

WHAT IS A CELL? Latin for “small room” A cell is the functional and structural unit of all living organisms

CELL THEORY The cell is the basic unit of structure Conducts all functions for living organisms All cells arise from pre-existing cells

EXAMPLES OF CELLS Amoeba Proteus Plant Stem Red Blood Cell Nerve Cell Bacteria

PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS similarities & differences PlantAnimal

PLANT CELLS Has a cell wall made of cellulose Has a large central vacuole Undergoes photosynthesis Contains chloroplasts which contain chlorophyll

CELL WALL One of the most important distinguishing features of plant cells is the presence of a cell wall, which serves a variety of functions. The cell wall protects the cellular contents and gives rigidity structure to the plant Provides a porous medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other small nutrient molecules Contains specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect the plant from disease

ANIMAL CELLS Unicellular & multicellular Lacks a cell wall and chloroplasts Small vacuoles Appear spherical in shape Contains a variety of organelles

CELL MEMBRANE Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell Double layer Serves as a boundary between the cell and its external environment Found in plant & animal cells

DIFFUSION Diffusion is “the movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration” (Mader, 1994) Diffusion always moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration It’s the way materials such as gasses (oxygen) and liquids (water) move across the cell membrane Occurs in plant and animal cells

OSMOSIS Movement of water (h 2 o) molecules across a semi permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration Water molecules will move toward a high concentration of solute (low concentration of water) to reach equilibrium Important process because all living organisms are composed of mostly water, osmosis allows water to travel through different parts of the body to reach areas that need it to function Occurs in plant and animal cells

CHLOROPLASTS They contain chlorophyll which is the green pigment used to make food Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplasts They use light energy from the sun, water, and carbon dioxide in order to create sugars and oxygen Plants, animals, & humans use sugars for food & energy Humans and animals use the oxygen to breathe Found only in plant cells

CYTOPLASM Jelly-like fluid within the cell membrane Composed primarily of water It’s the substance that a cell’s organelles are embedded in Different molecules are dissolved in the cytoplasm such as … Enzymes, fatty acids, sugars & amino acids which all keep the cell functioning Waste is dissolved in the cytoplasm before taken in by the vacuoles or being sent out of the cell Found in plant and animal cells

VACUOLES Organelles that are primarily used for storage Vacuoles can store water, waste products, and other substances Plant cells have much larger vacuoles than animal cells Found in plant & animal cells

NUCLEUS Often referred to as the control center of the cell Stores DNA & controls cell activity Found in plant & animal cells

MITOCHONDRIA Where energy is made, which is used to fuel cell Site where cellular respiration takes place Cellular respiration is the opposite process of photosynthesis in which living organisms take in oxygen and sugars in order to give off carbon dioxide, water, & energy There can be one or many mitochondria in a cell Found in plant & animal cells

CELL ACTIVITY Split into two groups One group will construct an animal cell & the other will construct a plant cell Animal cell group needs the bowl of orange jello Plant cell group needs the bowl of green jello Use any of the objects provided to represent organelles in your group’s cell Be prepared to present your group’s cell & why you chose those objects REMEMBER – animal & plant cells have some similarities & differences!

REFERENCES

ACTIVITY #2