Unit 07: Early Statehood 1836-1845

DEFINING CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS HISTORY Early Statehood – (1845) Slave State Mexican War Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Rio Grande River determined as border Compromise of 1850 Manifest Destiny

WHY HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE PAST INTO ERAS History is divided into eras so it is easier to identify cause and effect of the great events/people in history

CAUSES OF AND EVENTS LEADING TO TEXAS ANNEXATION Texas independence American Texans desired to become part of the United States. United States’ desire for Manifest Destiny The Republic’s financial problems Sam Houston supported annexation.

CAUSES OF AND EVENTS LEADING TO TEXAS ANNEXATION Early Statehood Concerns Defining Texas Borders Expanding Texas Population Texas Annexation Delayed Annexation might cause a war with Mexico Texas as a slave state, which would switch the balance to southern slave states Why Texans wanted Annexation Annexation meant Texas debts would be paid

INDIVIDUALS, EVENTS, AND ISSUES DURING EARLY TEXAS STATEHOOD U.S. – Mexican War Cause – Mexico claimed the Nueces River as its border, and the United States/Texas claimed the Rio Grande. The war began at Brownsville when a small battle breaks out, and American blood is shed. Effect- Rio Grand becomes official border Events that led to War First- Shots fired by both sides north of Rio Grande Second-The United States declares war on Mexico Third- Thousands of Texans volunteer to serve during the war Finally- General Zachary Taylor defeats Santa Anna

INDIVIDUALS, EVENTS, AND ISSUES DURING EARLY TEXAS STATEHOOD Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Ended the Mexican War Mexican Cession – the Southwest is claimed by the United States. Mexico accepts Texas as part of the United States, and the United States paid $15 million to Mexico. The Rio Grande River is the border of Texas.

INDIVIDUALS, EVENTS, AND ISSUES DURING EARLY TEXAS STATEHOOD Population Growth Population doubled since annexation Towns grew into cities – largest city was Galveston Migration of Americans to Texas Immigration of Europeans (e.g., Germans to the Hill Country) Compromise of 1850 The Texas-New Mexico Boundary Act states that Texas would receive $10 million in return for giving up part of their western and northern territory, paying off Texas’ debt, and determining the western boundary of the state. This agreement was intended to deal with the slavery issue. Did not abolish slavery!

EARLY STATEHOOD AND MEXICAN CESSION

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS IN TEXAS DURING THE 19th, 20th, AND 21st CENTURIES Statehood Where did European immigrants settle and why? What proportion of Texans were slaveholders? By 1850, the slave population in Texas had increased to 58,161; in 1860 there were 182,566 slaves, 30 percent of the total population. In 1860 almost 25 percent of all white families in Texas owned at least one slave. Texas ranked 10th in total slave population and 9th in percentage of slave population (30 percent of all residents)

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS IN TEXAS DURING THE 19th, 20th, AND 21st CENTURIES Where were plantations located in Texas? SOUTH and EAST Texas Durazno Plantation Freeman Plantation William Garrett Plantation Hatfield Plantation Liendo Plantation Old Brulay Plantation Col. Elijah Sterling Clack Robertson Plantation Varner-Hogg Plantation

Immigration into Texas In 1860 foreign-born citizens of Texas numbered 43,422 Some 20,000 were from Germany Living in Houston, Galviston, and San Antonio Most German immigrants settled in central and South Texas Houston and Galveston are located along the Gulf Coast of Texas