2. Texas 1821-Spanish officials gave Moses Austin land in Texas.
His son, Stephen, settled there soon after Mexico had gained its independence from Spain.
By families settled on Austin’s land.
Stephen Austin ( ) “Father of Texas”

3. Rising Tensions A rush of American settlers to Texas.
By 1830, 25,000 Americans in Texas compared to 4,000 Tejanos (Texans of Mexican descent).
Tensions
The Mexican government closed Texas to American immigration.
Mexico sent troops to Texas to enforce the immigration laws.

4. The Texans Rebel Texans called for revolution
Austin asked Mexican government to reopen Texas to immigration and to make it a separate Mexican state.
Santa Anna tossed Austin into jail for promoting rebellion.
Texas rose up in revolt. Santa Anna marched north to crush the rebels.

5. The Alamo San Antonio, was defended by about 180 Texan volunteers
Old Mission known as the Alamo.
Outnumbered 10 to 1, Texans held off the Mexicans for 12 days.
Eventually, the Americans were defeated.
Santa Anna ordered survivors executed
Filled Texans with rage.
The Alamo

6. “Remember the Alamo”
The Battle of the Alamo showed how determined the Texans were to gain their independence and it encouraged those still fighting to seek revenge.
“Remember the Alamo” soon became a battle cry for the Texas revolutionary army.

7. Battle of San Jacinto
Sam Houston, the commander of the Texas Military lured Santa Anna deeper into Texas.
April 1836, Santa Anna met Houston at the San Jacinto River.

8. Texas Wins Its Independence

9. Texas Wins Its Independence
Houston - surprise attack and the Texans overran the Mexican camp.
Santa Anna fled, but was captured the next day.
Exchange for his freedom, he ordered all his remaining troops out of Texas, granting Texas its independence.

10. To Annex Texas or Not?
Lone Star Republic because of the single star on its flag.
Most Texans were Americans -wanted Texas part of the U.S.
Southerners wanted to annex Texas -it was a slave state.
Northerners -opposed slavery wanted to keep Texas out. Others feared annexation would lead to war with Mexico.
In 1845, Texas was admitted as the 28th state.

11. Oregon Country-Britain/U.S.

12. Oregon Fever
Missionaries reported fertile soil /abundant forests -attracted more settlers.
President Polk struck a deal with Britain and got Oregon at the 49th parallel

13. War with Mexico
After gaining Texas and Oregon, President Polk (to the left)- wanted California and New Mexico as well– either through purchase or war.
Tried to buy the territories- Mexico refused.
Polk sent General Zachary Taylor (to the left) to defend the Texas-Mexican border in case Mexico tried to take it back.

14. The annexation of Texas upset Mexico-an act of war.
Texas & Mexico never agreed on a border.
April 25, Mexican soldiers fired on Americans patrolling the Rio Grande, killing/wounding 16 Americans.
Polk - Excuse to go to war.
War Breaks Out in Texas

15. War Breaks Out in Texas
President Polk stated that Mexico “has invaded our territory and shed American blood on American soil.”
Mexican President Mariano Paredes (on the bottom left) declared -greedy people “have thrown themselves on our territory The time has come to fight.”

16. The Fall of New Mexico
A few months after declaring war, General Stephen Kearny captured it New Mexico without firing a shot.

17. Americans arrested and jailed the Mexican commander of Northern California.
They declared California the Bear Flag republic.
The Fall of California

18. The United States Invades Mexico
General Zachary Taylor captured the Mexican city of Monterrey.
General Santa Anna met Taylor with an army of 20,000 Mexican troops.
Santa Anna forced to retreat.

19. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1848-Mexico and the U.S. signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the war.

20. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexican Cession - California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and New Mexico, as well as parts of Colorado and Wyoming.
Paid Mexico $15 million
$15 million

21. “From Sea to Shining Sea”
1853, the U.S. acquired more land from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase.
“From Sea to Shining Sea”
Gadsden Purchase