Introduction to Aspect- Oriented Programming CS 3360 Gregor Kiczales, et. al. Getting started with AspectJ, CACM, 44(10):59-65, October Spring 2012

2 Outline Motivation Aspect-oriented programming A taste of AOP with AspectJ

3 Logging… Where is logging in some large server code?  red shows lines of code that handle logging  not in just one place  not even in a small number of places Not Modularized!

4 Session Expiration…

5 Questions Other things like this? Why is it bad to handle this all over the code?

6 Separation of Concerns Definition. A concern is a specific requirement or consideration that must be addressed in order to satisfy the overall system goal. Two kinds of concerns  Core concerns: central functionality (e.g., business logic)  Crosscutting concerns: system-level, peripheral requirements that cross multiple modules (e.g., logging)

7 Current Approach No support for separate concern implementation Business logic Logging Persistence Concerns system Implementation modules

8 The Problem of Crosscutting Concerns Code tangling  Module handling multiple concerns simultaneously Business logic Logging Other concern

9 The Problem Code scattering  Single issue implemented in multiple modules Logging Accounting Internet banking Customer Teller

10 Can We Do Better? Clear Crosscutting Structure All modules use the trace facility in a consistent way, i.e., entering methods and exiting methods. TraceSupport

11 ASPECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

12 Tracing as Aspect TraceSupport // pseudo code aspect MyTracing before method execution do: indicate beginning of execution after method execution do: indicate end of execution

13 The Idea of AOP Crosscutting is inherent in complex systems Crosscutting concerns have:  Clear purpose  Natural structure, e.g., defined set of methods, module boundary crossings, points of resource utilization, and lines of dataflow. So, why not capture the structure of crosscutting concerns explicitly?  in a modular way  with linguistic and tool support Aspects are well-modularized crosscutting concerns

14 Language Support …

15 Language Support … (cont’d)

ASPECT-J: A BRIEF INTRO 16

17 An Overview of AspectJ Supports Aspect OP A small extension to Java A general-purpose AOP language  Just as Java is a general-purpose OO language Active research community: conferences, journals, books, software, etc. URL:

18 Components of Aspect-j Join points Pointcuts Advices Aspects

19 First AspectJ Program Crosscutting HelloWorld program public class HelloWorld { public void say(String msg) { System.out.println(msg); } public static void main(String [] args) { new HelloWorld().say(“Hello, world!”); }

20 Crosscutting HelloWorld public aspect MilitaryProtocol { pointcut sayPoint() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)); after() : sayPoint() { System.out.println("Over!"); }

21 Compiling and Running % javac HelloWorld.java % java HelloWorld Hello, world! % ajc HelloWorld.java MilitaryProtocol.aj % java HelloWorld Hello, world! Over!

22 Anatomy of MiltaryProtocol public aspect MilitaryProtocol { pointcut sayPoint() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)); after() : sayPoint() { System.out.println("Over!"); } advice definition pointcut declaration aspect definition

23 Definitions Join points  Well-defined points in execution of program Pointcuts  A means to referring to collections of join points and certain values at those join points  E.g., pointcut sayPoint() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)); Advices  Method-like constructs used to define additional behavior at join points  E.g., after() : sayPoint() { System.out.println("Over!"); Aspects  Units of modular crosscutting implementation, composed of pointcuts, advice, and ordinary Java member declarations.

24 Components of AOP Languages Join point model Ways to designate a set of join points Ways to define additional actions to be performed at join points

25 Join Points (cont’d) Several kinds of join points  Method and constructor call  Method and constructor body execution  Reading (getting) a field  Writing (setting) to a field  Initialization of an object  Static initialization of a class  Exception handling

26 Pointcut Denotes a set of join points, e.g., execution(void HelloWorld.say(String)) execution(void HelloWorld.*(String)) execution(* *.*(..))

27 Advice Code that is attached to a pointcut and can be run: - before - after each join point in the pointcut.

28 Advice (cont’d) before() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)) { System.out.println(“Good day!”); } after() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)) { System.out.println(“Over!”); }

29 Semantics of Advices a HelloWord dispatch before after

30 Aspects Similar to Java classes Units of modular crosscutting implementation, composed of pointcuts, advice, and ordinary Java member declarations. import java.io.*; public aspect MilitaryProtocol { pointcut sayPoint() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)); after() : sayPoint() { endMSG(System.out); } private void endMSG(PrintStream out) { out.println(END_OF_MSG); } private static final String END_OF_MSG = “Over!”; }

31 How Does It Work? Aspect weaver combines classes and aspects  compiler / pre-processor / interpreter  unambiguously coordinates cross-cutting aspect weaver public class PrinterImpl { String status = “Idle” Vector jobs; public PrinterImpl() {} pubilc get_status() { return status } public add_job(int j) { jobs.add(j); } class Library { Hashtable books; Library(){ books = new Hashtable(100); } public Book getBook(User u, String title) { System.out.println("REQUEST TO GET BOOK " + title); if(books.containsKey(title)) { Book b = (Book)books.get(title); System.out.println("getBook: Found it:" + b); if (b != null) { if (b.get_borrower() == null) b.set_borrower(u); return b; } return null; } class User { private String name; Library theLibrary; Printer the; Printer public User(String n) { name = n; } public boolean getBook (String title) { Book aBook = theLibrary.getBook(this, title); thePrinter.print(this,aBook); return true; } class Book { private String title; private String author; private String isbn; private PostScript ps; private User borrower; public Book(String t, String a, String i, PostScript p) { title = t; author = a; isbn = i; ps = p; } public User get_borrower() {return borrower;} public void set_borrower(User u) {borrower = u;} public PostScript get_ps() { return ps; } } portal Printer { void print(Book book) { book: Book: {direct pages;} } portal Library { Book find (String title){ return: Book: {copy title, author, isbn;} } classes aspects executable code

32 Typical Uses of AOP Modularizing large programs (new behaves as the old code), e.g., exception handling in telecom code Modularizing to add new behavior (superimpose new behavior on old code), e.g., add authentication to a program Support of product lines (new code is a variant in some aspects), e.g., add code to control new airplane Support performance improvements (treat special cases faster), e.g., bypass code for unused network layers

33 Summary - Promise of AOP Modular separation of concerns Crosscutting concerns confined to single modules Thus systems are  Easier to understand,  Easier to change, adapt, evolve, and reuse Can add/remove spectators and change behavior without editing existing code.

34 Exercise Define an aspct to change the behavior of HelloWorld class to salute with “Sir,” before “say”ing anything. public class HelloWorld { public void say(String msg) { System.out.println(msg); } public static void main(String [] args) { new HelloWorld().say(“Hello, world!”); }

35 Exercise Given the following Java class, write AspectJ code that ignores every 10 th call to the setValue method. public class Counter { private int value; public void setValue(int value) { this.value = value; } public int getValue() { return value; }

36 Exercise (Take-Home) Given the following Java class, write AspectJ code that prints the old and the new values of the counter whenever the value is changed. public class Counter { private int value; public void setValue(int value) { this.value = value; } public int getValue() { return value; }

37 Around Advice Advice that is run as follows:  It is called before a join point  It can decide to proceed (delegate)  When the proceed returns, it can perform more actions

38 Around Advice (cont’d) void around() : execution (void HelloWorld.say(String)) { System.out.println(“Good day!”); if (Math.random() > 0.5) { proceed(); } System.out.println(“Over!”); }

39 Semantics of Around Advices a HelloWord dispatc h around