Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle East 4

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle East I.The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East II.Patterns of Greek and Roman History III.Greek and Roman Political Institutions IV.Religion and Culture V.Economy and Society in the Mediterranean VI.Toward the Fall of Rome

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean and Middle East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Cyrus the Great, 550 B.C.E. – Persian Empire –Political Styles  Tolerance for other cultures  Authoritarianism  Infrastructure, especially roads – Royal Road  Bureaucracy The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Bureaucracy a large group of people who are involved in helping running a government but who are not elected – an administrative policy-making group - they carry out the duties and responsibilities of a specific job or organization. "a body of non-elective government officials" and/or "an administrative policy-making group". Historically, bureaucracy referred to government bodies or groups

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Persian Empire in Its Main Stages

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Zoroastrianism –Zoroaster ( c B.C.E.) –Individual salvation –Monotheism –Gained following with soldiers –Great influence The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Later Persian Empire –Dominated Middle East  Conquests into Africa and Indian subcontinent –Conquered by Alexander the Great The Persian Empire: A New Perspective in the Middle East

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Stages in Greek Development –City-States, B.C.E.  Common culture – Polis / city-states  Some periods of unity, cooperation –Domination of Sparta and Athens, B.C.E.  High point of Greek culture – Fifth Century B.C.E.  Pericles, dominates Athenian politics  Peloponnesian Wars ( B.C.E.) Patterns of Greek and Roman History

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Greece and Greek Colonies, c. 431 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Hellenistic Period –Philip II of Macedon  Defeats Greeks, 338 B.C.E –Alexander the Great – son of Philip  Extends empire – conquers Persian empire –Period of merging of cultures – Greek culture is shared and spread East by Alexander. Patterns of Greek and Roman History

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Rome –Roman Republic from 509 B.C.E.  Military emphasis  Punic Wars, against Carthage ( B.C.E.) for control of Sicily / grain –Empire  Julius Caesar victory over rivals, 45 B.C.E.  Augustus Caesar, rules from 27 B.C.E.  Empire strong to about 180 C.E.  Renewed vigor under Diocletian, Constantine Patterns of Greek and Roman History

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Alexander’s Empire and the Hellenistic World, c. 323 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Greece – The Polis –Athens - direct democracy – the people make laws and elect leaders  Vote by the citizens ruled  Citizen body a minority of the population –Most city states were oligarchies – ran by a few very important leaders.  Aristocratic assemblies  Sparta

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Rome – Republic – elected representatives –Balance –Senate – dominated by aristocrats –Consuls / leaders

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Political Theory in Ancient Greece and Rome –Duties of citizens, political ethics, oratory –Participation stressed –Romans developed law code  Twelve Tables, by 450 B.C.E.  Spread of code to empire, and citizenship

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Greek and Roman Political Institutions Roles of Government –Public works  Help to unite empire –Maintaining law courts, police power –Official religion

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Origins of Christianity Originated with Jesus of Nazareth Christianity grew in strength as time passed – appealed to the lower classes looking for salvation that could not be found in Roman religion – it gave people hope and a purpose in life Christianity and Jesus scared the Roman government - masses of people flocked to see and follow him - there was talk of a “Kingdom of God” 313 ce Roman Emperor Constantine approved Christianity as a practiced religion 380 ce Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Religious Values –Religion largely concerned with the here and now – Gods and Goddesses Philosophy –Provided a system of ethical behavior –Aristotle, Cicero  Stressed balance –Stoics stress inner life

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture Science and Philosophy –Socrates – encouraged questioning – Socratic questioning –Speculation on the physical world  Theories about the universe, the nature of matter –Mathematics, especially geometry –Hellenistic period

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Religion and Culture The Arts –Drama: comedy and tragedy  Balance between virtue and emotions –Epics, the Iliad, Odyssey –Architecture –Roman engineering – aqueducts to move water – Roads

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Agriculture and Trade –Constant trend to market farming  Led to trade  Grain from Egypt –Merchants  Officially, legally respected

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Slavery –From conquest –Becomes a motive for expansion –Technological innovation in farming lacking  Unfavorable trade balance with eastern Asia  Played a key role in the labor force – always a threat

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Economy and Society in the Mediterranean Family –Patriarchal –Women have economic role  Some women active in commerce  Women could own property

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert A Complex Legacy What Survived? –Enduring ideas –Direct and indirect forms of government Roman Law & Its Legacies Innocent until proven guilty Trial by judge and jury Laws should be fair and apply to all, rich and poor Burden of proof rested with the accuser

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: Persia, Greece, Rome, and the World Persia –Maintained contact between East and West Greece –Traders, expansionist –Alexander the Great  New contacts between Mediterranean, Persia, India Rome –Variety of contacts

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert