SWBAT: - Identify significant geographic features of Egypt -Explain how these features contributed to their success. September 29, 2015

I. Geography A. Located on the Nile River in N.E. Africa A1. River flowed north 4,100 miles, *longest river in the world A2. Nile flooded the same time every year, A3. Egypt was considered “the gift of the Nile” the river gave them life.

B. Natural defense -B1.Protected by the Sahara desert that lies to the west. -B2.Cataracts steep waterfalls in the upper Nile -protected Egypt from Nubia in the south. C. Egypt’s relative Isolation C1. Usually ruled by natives B.C.E.

II. Early Egypt A. Agriculture & Domesticated animals appear by 6000 B.C.E. A1. Series of villages along the Nile by 3600 B.C.E. B. Invention of writing B.C.E.- Hieroglyphs B1. Rosetta Stone B2. Hieroglyphics, Demotic, Greek B3. Wrote on papyrus- reeds that grew near the Nile

Rosetta Stone 196 B.C.E. By comparing, scholars could decipher the hieroglyphics.

Shaduf

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c B. C. E.

D. Growing Power of Kings D1. “Pharaoh” is a New kingdom word for king, means “palace” D2. Kings in time are recognized as gods D3.Role of King: To maintain ma’at (order or justice)

SWBAT: 1. Explain the role of religion 2. Describe early engineering accomplishments of Egypt

III. Religion A1. Emphasizes unification: Horus as patron god of kings A2. Happy afterlife for the virtuous a. judgment b. mummification c. Necropolises

B. Polytheistic B1. believed in over 2,000 Gods and Goddesses. B2. Most important god, Ra- the sun god B3. Built huge temples to honor the gods and goddess C. Pyramids C1. Tombs for kings

Egyptian Mythology A. Osiris- God of the Afterlife B. Kings were mummified to preserve the body and put into tombs with his belongings. C. Also give “the Book of the Dead” which contained prayers to go to the next life.

- Pyramids were built during the kings life to show strength in his dynasty. - Pyramid of Giza:

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

“Bent” Pyramid of King Sneferu

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

The Valley of the Kings

G. City Growth G1. Decentralized economy; compare to Mesopotamia city-states G2. Rise of towns as administrative centers G3. Importance of towns as religious centers G4. Towns as capitals- Memphis, then Thebes G5. Trade cities, especially in the delta (N.Egypt)

III. Old Kingdom 2686 – 2181 B.C.E. A. Pyramids as evidence of large-scale organization. B. Fortress building C. Political disintegration C1. rising power of nomarchs (local governors) C2. Famine D. First Intermediate Period, B.C.E. D1. No single king D2. Competition b/w North and South

IV. Middle Kingdom B.C.E. A. Trade revival -Local caravans- - long distance trade- Mediterranean B. Flourishing arts -Literature The Autobiography of Si-nuhe C. Development of state organization -spread into Nubia, Middle EAst D. Second Intermediate Period B.C.E. D1. Hyksos invasion

Contributions/ Achievements A. System of numbers A. to tax, farmers used geometry to survey the land after floods. B. Architecture A. measurement, building of pyramids and palaces. C. Developed a 365 day calendar based on flooding of the Nile A. short of a solar year by 6 hours, 12 thirty day months, 5 extra days. D. Medicine A. pulse, circulatory system, splint broken bones, surgery- tonsils out