Early Hominids January 31, 2005. Part I: Hominid Phylogeny Australopithecus –africanus –afarensis –robustus Homo –habilis –erectus –sapiens.

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Presentation transcript:

Early Hominids January 31, 2005

Part I: Hominid Phylogeny Australopithecus –africanus –afarensis –robustus Homo –habilis –erectus –sapiens

Hominid Phylogeny

Australopithecus A. africanus Raymond Dart’s “Taung Child” mya Bipedal Small brain Sexual dimorphism suggests polygyny Partially arboreal Worked in groups

Australopithecus A. afarensis “Lucy” Fan shaped pelvis mya

Australopithecus Gracile A. afarensis A. africanus? Robust A. robustus A. boisei A. africanus? Folivore: large molars and sagittal crest Small canines Little sexual dimorphism

Part II: When did this happen? Geologic time scale:

How do we know? Relative Dating –Statigraphy –Glaciations –Fluorine analysis –Dendrochronology

How do we know? Absolute Dating –Carbon 14 (organics, up to 40,000 years) –Potassium Argon (volcanic, over 500,000) –Uranium Series (minerals b/w 1k and 1m) –Thermoluminescence (rocks & minerals b/w 5k and 1 mya) –Electron Spin Resonance (rocks & minerals b/w 1k and 1mya)

How do we know? Calendars Historical accounts

Part III: Why did this happen? Ecology: 1) Relationships between organisms and environment. 2) Relationships between human groups and their physical and social environments.

Climactic Shifts

Bipedalism Energy efficient locomotion Food gathering Avoiding predators Provisioning offspring Free hands (tools) Tracking prey

Skeletal Comparison

Brain Size Homo sapiens sapiens: 1,200-1,350 Modern Chimpanzee: 390 A. afarensis: 430 A. africanus: 490 A. robustus: 540 A. boisei: 490 (Measured in cubic centimeters)

Skeletal Comparison Human Chimp

Skeletal Comparison Robust Australopithecus Gracile Australopithecus

Dental Comparison Modern Chimp A.afarensisH. sapiens Upper jaw

Part IV: What does it mean? Killer Ape –Osteo-donto-keratic tools Man the scavenger –Probably vegetarian or omnivorous

What does it mean? Savannah hypothesis Variable selection –Phenotypic plasticity

What does it mean? Bipedalism or Intelligence? Piltdown hoax

What does it mean? Piltdown hoax