1. HOMINID EVOLUTION Phylogenetic tree to show the place of the family Hominidae in the animal kingdom.

2. Human classification

4. Phylogenetic Tree of the family Hominidae: Australopithecus & Homo Chimpanzees Gorillas Orangutans Gibbons Super family: Hominoidea Family: Hominidae Subfamily: Homininae Tribe: Hominini

5. Evidence that supports the idea of common ancestors for living hominids including humans: 1) Fossil evidence

8. 2) Genetic evidence: mitochondrial DNA

10. 3) Cultural evidence: tool making

13. List of characteristics that humans share with African apes: p243 1)Opposable thumb = 2)Hands and feet can grasp (prehensile) =

14. 3) Fingernails instead of claws = 4) Binocular stereoscopic vision =

15. 5) 32 teeth in permanent heterodont dentition = heterodont means different teeth (molar, canine etc. see p243) 6) Single pair of mammary glands (breasts)

16. Tabulated anatomical differences between African apes and humans: HumansAfrican apes 1) Permanently Bipedal (foramen magnum central, spine S-curved with short lower back and pelvic girdle short). 1) Occasionally Bipedal (foramen magnum in back, spine C-curved with long lower back, pelvic girdle long narrow). 2) Larger brain size.2) Smaller brain size. 3) Small teeth, equal size. 3) Small teeth, large canines.

17. HumansAfrican apes 4) No prognathis.4) Pronounced prognathis. 5) Palate rounded shape. 5) Palate elongated rectangular shape. 6) Cranial ridges totally absent. 6) Cranial ridges still visible. 7) Brow ridges absent.7) Brow ridges pronounced.

18. Foramen magnum positioning for Bipedalism Gorilla A. africanus Human

19. Hip / Pelvis and leg structure for Bipedalism

20. Bipedalism leaves the hands free to hold food, young and protect self. Allows field of view over tall grasses to protect against stalking predators.

29. Distribution of humans across the planet: The Out of Africa hypothesis states that all modern humans originated in Africa.

30. Out – of – Africa theory

32. Lines of evidence that support the Out of Africa hypothesis: 1) Fossil record – fossil sites in: a) The Great Rift Valley in East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania), Ethiopia p256 b) South Africa p256 2) Mitochondrial DNA p255

33. Bipedalism evidence: Laetoli footprints discovered in 1978 by Mary Leaky at Laetoli in Tanzania. 3.6 million years old. Made most likely by an australopithecene

39. P246 – 248 = Very good for studying developmental comparisons.

41. HOMINID EVOLUTION  Ardipithecus ramidus (aka Ardi) – 1994 Ethiopia 4.4 mya p249

42.  Australopithecus afarensis (aka Lucy) – 1974 Ethiopia 3.2 mya p249

43. Australopithecus africanus – Taung child & Mrs. Ples 1924 – Taung, R.S.A.1947 – Sterkfontein 2.8 – 2.6 myap250

44. Homo habilis – ‘Handy Man’ 1968 – Olduvai Gorge Tanzania 2.5myap250

45. Paranthropus boisei – Nutcracker man 1959 – Olduvai Gorge Tanzania 2.2 – 1.2 myap250

46. Homo erectus – ‘Walking upright man’ (Java man) 1891 – Java Indonesia 1.8 – 1.3mya p251

47. Paranthropus robustus – ‘strong almost man’ 1938 Kromdraai, R.S.A. 1.2myap250

48. Homo heidelbergensis 1907 – Mauer, Germany 600 000 – 400 000ya Not in text

49. Homo neanderthalensis (1829) 1856 – all across Europe, from Belgium, into Germany, Gibraltar, Palestine 600 000 – 30 000yanot in text

50. Homo sapiens – ‘Wise man’ 250 000ya – present day p251