Motivation

Jot down some responses to these questions What is Scientific management? What is Scientific management? What was significant about the lighting in the electric plant? What was significant about the lighting in the electric plant? What are five needs that we all aspire to? What are five needs that we all aspire to? What did Victor Vroom say? What did Victor Vroom say? How does Social Equity work? How does Social Equity work?

What are the benefits of motivated students?

Why do we study? Why do we come here?

What do we need to do to work/study harder?

F.W Taylor: Scientific management 1909

Elton Mayo 1939

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 1954

Frederick Hertzberg Two Factor Theory 1959

JS Adams: Social Equity Theory 1963

Victor Vroom 1964

What are the benefits of motivated students? Students make a fuller contribution Students make a fuller contribution Ideas Ideas Go beyond 100% Go beyond 100% Productivity increases Productivity increases Quality of work increases Quality of work increases Less mistakes Less mistakes Less time wasted Less time wasted Higher achievement Higher achievement More adaptable to change More adaptable to change Loyalty is higher Loyalty is higher Retention is increased Retention is increased Reputation of the college/course increases Reputation of the college/course increases Attract higher calibre students Attract higher calibre students Students ‘in safe hands’ Students ‘in safe hands’

Why do we study?  To give us something to do Fear of boredom Fear of boredom To escape troubles To escape troubles  Social reasons The need for social contacts/social interaction – fear of isolation The need for social contacts/social interaction – fear of isolation To increase skills & education and knowledge To increase skills & education and knowledge Maximising our potential Maximising our potential To contribute to society To contribute to society Helping people who can’t help themselves Helping people who can’t help themselves These reasons might just get us (you) through the door

What do we need to work/study harder? Important to distinguish between going to college and working hard once we get there Important to distinguish between going to college and working hard once we get there Who we work with Who we work with Why/What we do Why/What we do When we do it When we do it How we do it How we do it The rewards for doing something The rewards for doing something Pace of work Pace of work Decisions Decisions Recognition for working well Recognition for working well Generation of a sense of pride Generation of a sense of pride Factors that increase the intrinsic nature of the course Factors that increase the intrinsic nature of the course

F.W Taylor: Scientific management 1909 Scientific (methodical) approach to work Scientific (methodical) approach to work Manager in control of work method Manager in control of work method Motivation through bonus payments (& fear) Motivation through bonus payments (& fear) Workers are essentially lazy at heart Workers are essentially lazy at heart

Elton Mayo 1939 Experiments at the HAWTHORNE plant of Western Electric Company Experiments at the HAWTHORNE plant of Western Electric Company Original experiment on physical conditions failed Original experiment on physical conditions failed But.. But.. Human relationships are important Human relationships are important Recognition Recognition Responsibility Responsibility

Simple Model of Motivation: Maslow 1954 The purpose of behaviour is to satisfy needs. The purpose of behaviour is to satisfy needs. A need is anything that is required, desired, or useful. A need is anything that is required, desired, or useful. A want is a conscious recognition of a need. A want is a conscious recognition of a need.

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS Physiological security social esteem Self-actualisation

Which needs in Maslow’s hierarchy do the following satisfy Receiving praise from your teacher Receiving praise from your teacher Using group work Using group work An student revising thoroughly for an important exam (missing social events to do so) An student revising thoroughly for an important exam (missing social events to do so) Provision of breakfast for students arriving to early morning classes Provision of breakfast for students arriving to early morning classes A receipt of course certificate A receipt of course certificate

Frederick Hertzberg Two Factor Theory 1959 Research on American accountants and engineers Research on American accountants and engineers Hygiene Factors Hygiene Factors Those things that prevent dis- satisfaction Those things that prevent dis- satisfaction Working conditions etc. Working conditions etc. Motivators Motivators True motivation comes from within the individual or job True motivation comes from within the individual or job

JS Adams: Equity Theory 1963 Workplace and behavioural psychologist Workplace and behavioural psychologist Students compare conditions (intrinsic and extrinsic) Students compare conditions (intrinsic and extrinsic) Motivation is affected by the outcome of the comparison Motivation is affected by the outcome of the comparison Equity or fairness is paramount Equity or fairness is paramount

Victor Vroom 1964 Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory ‘What’s in it for me?’ ‘What’s in it for me?’ Force (Motivation) = Valence x Expectancy Force (Motivation) = Valence x Expectancy Valence = Value of the action (what do I gain?) Valence = Value of the action (what do I gain?) Expectancy = Ability to achieve the correct outcome (can I do it?) Expectancy = Ability to achieve the correct outcome (can I do it?)

Vroom – Teachers should… Identify goals/values for the students Identify goals/values for the students Provide rewards linked to study achievement Provide rewards linked to study achievement Recognise achievements Recognise achievements Harmonise individual goals with course goals Harmonise individual goals with course goals Ensure teaching meets needs Ensure teaching meets needs Ensure appropriate work planning takes place Ensure appropriate work planning takes place

 Motivation arises from a number of different sources  Satisfaction: People work when they are satisfied with the working conditions  Incentive: People increase their performance in line with incentives  Intrinsic: People respond to internal drives derived from their personality or from the job/work itself Motivation: Conclusion