Earth and Atmosphere Review Chapter 6 - Weather and Climate Chapter 16 - Environmental Geology Chapter 14 – Food and Soil Resources

The Atmosphere  Troposphere  Stratosphere  78% N, 21% O  Ozone layer Fig p. 434

Weather 6-1 Weather: A Brief Introduction A. Weather is short-term atmospheric conditions in an area. It is typically considered in hours or days. B. Much weather activity is due to interactions between leading edges or fronts of moving masses of warm or cold air. 1. A warm front is the boundary between a warm mass of air and the cooler air it replaces. It often results in cloudy, rainy days.

Weather 2.A cold front is an advancing mass of cold air that stays close to the ground. It is often associated with thunderstorms and high winds. Cooler, clear weather is the result. 3.Jet streams are near the top of the troposphere and circle the Earth. They have a strong influence on weather patterns.

Figure 6-2 Page 102 Cool air mass Warm air mass Cool air mass Anvil top Warm air mass

Climate  Temperature  Precipitation  Uneven heating  Seasons  Earth’s rotation  Properties of air and water Fig. 6-5 p. 105

Seasons Fig. 6-7 p. 106

Air Circulation Fig. 6-10, p. 107 Fig. 6-8, p. 107

Polar (ice) Subarctic (snow) Cool temperate Warm temperate Dry Tropical Highland Major upwelling zones Warm ocean current Cold ocean current River

Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral) Temperate grassland Temperate deciduous forest Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest) Arctic tundra (polar grasslands) Tropical savanna, thorn forest Tropical scrub forest Tropical deciduous forest Tropical rain forest, tropical evergreen forest Desert Ice Mountains (complex zonation) Semidesert, arid grassland Tropic of Capricorn Equator Tropic of Cancer

Temperate grassland (Lawrence, Kansas)

Soil Profiles in Different Biomes Fig. 4-27, p. 75

The Earth’s Life-Support Systems  Troposphere  Stratosphere  Hydrosphere  Lithosphere  Biosphere Fig. 4-7 p. 60

Figure 16-3 Page 334 Tectonic plate Collision between two continents Oceanic tectonic plate Spreading center Oceanic tectonic plate Ocean trench Plate movement Continental crust Subduction zone Oceanic crust Oceanic crust Continental crust Mantle Inner core Hot outer core Two plates move towards each other. One is subducted back into the mantle on falling convection current. Mantle convection cell Hot material rising through the mantle Material cools as it reaches the outer mantle Cold dense material falls back through mantle

EURASIAN PLATE CHINA SUBPLATE PHILIPPINE PLATE INDIAN-AUSTRLIAN PLATE PACIFIC PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE COCOS PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE NORTH AMERICAN PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE EURASIAN PLATE ANATOLIAN PLATE ARABIAN PLATE AFRICAN PLATE SOMALIAN SUBPLATE Carlsberg Ridge Southwest Indian Ocean Ridge ANTARCTIC PLATE Transform fault East Pacific Rise Transform fault Mid- Indian Ocean Ridge Southeast Indian Ocean Ridge Mid- Atlantic Ocean Ridge Reykjanes Ridge Transform fault Divergent ( ) and transform fault ( ) boundaries Convergent plate boundaries Plate motion at convergent plate boundaries Plate motion at divergent plate boundaries Figure 16-4 Page 335

Lithosphere Asthenosphere Oceanic ridge at a divergent plate boundary Figure 16-5a Page 336

Lithosphere TrenchVolcanic island arc Asthenosphere Rising magma Subduction zone Trench and volcanic island arc at a convergent plate boundary Figure 16-5b Page 336

Igneous Rock Granite, pumice, basalt Metamorphic Rock Slate, marble, quartzite Magma (molten rock) Heat, pressure, stress Heat, pressure Melting Sedimentary Rock Shale, sandstone, limestone Deposition Transportation Erosion Weathering Figure 16-9 Page 339

Areas of serious concern Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas Global Soil Erosion Fig p. 280

Soil Erosion in the US  Dust Bowl – 1930s: Fig p. 281  Reductions in erosion since 1987  1985 Food Security Act  Dust Bowl – 1930s: Fig p. 281  Reductions in erosion since 1987  1985 Food Security Act

World Desertification Fig p. 282

Causes of Desertification  Overgrazing  Deforestation  Erosion  Salinization  Soil Compaction  Natural Climate Change  Overgrazing  Deforestation  Erosion  Salinization  Soil Compaction  Natural Climate Change Refer to Fig p. 283

Solutions: Soil Conservation  Conventional-tillage  Conservation tillage  Terracing  Windbreaks  Land Classification Refer to Fig p. 285  Contour farming  Strip and alley cropping