1. 4-Lithosphere-Hydrosphere-Biosphere-Atmosphere
EARTH SYSTEMS
4-Lithosphere-Hydrosphere-Biosphere-Atmosphere

2. LITHOSPHERE Consists of 4 layers: The Crust- 2 types
Continental (Granite)
Oceanic (Basalt)
Is broken into plates which float on the next layer creating plate boundaries

3. Plate Tectonics Theory
The lithosphere is divided into a number of large and small plates and the plates are floating on the mantle

4. Lithosphere = the Earth’s crust plus the upper portion of the mantle layer

8. Plate motion based on The Global Positioning System (GPS)

10. Plate Boundaries
Divergent boundary:
Plates are moving away from each other
Midocean ridges are created and new ocean floor plates are created

11. Plate Boundaries
Divergent boundary:

12. Leif the Lucky Bridge Bridge between continents in Reykjanes peninsula, southwest Iceland across the Alfagja rift valley, the boundary of the Eurasian and North American continental tectonic plates.

13. Convergent Boundary: plates are moving toward each other and are colliding (3 types)

14. When Ocean Plates collide with Contintental Plates
Create subduction zones, trenches
Create near coast volcanoes
Benioff shear zones (a pattern of earthquakes as an ocean plate grinds down the underneath side of a continent)

15. Benioff Shear Zones

17. When ocean plates collide with other ocean plates
Island arcs are created
(a pattern of volcanic islands created from a subduction zone that is located off the coast)

20. When a continental plate collides with another continental plate
Mountain ranges are created
(example: Himalayan Mountains)

21. Himalayan Mountains
Mountains 2:46

22. Transform Fault Boundary
Plates are neither moving toward nor away from each other, they are moving past one another.

23. Transform Fault Boundary
The plates may move in opposite directions or in the same directions but at different rates and frequent earthquakes are created (example: San Andreas Fault)

24. San Andreas Fault

25. LITHOSPHERE The next layer is the Mantle: (Peridote)
It is divided into two parts
Upper Mantle (Athenosphere) molten rock that has convection currents which move the plates.
Lower Mantle: rigid rock

26. Plate Tectonics Tectonic plate Collision between two continents
Oceanic tectonic
Spreading
center
Ocean trench
Plate movement
Continental
crust
Subduction
zone
Oceanic
Mantle
Inner
core
Hot outer
Two plates move
towards each other.
One is subducted
back into the mantle
on falling convection
current.
convection
cell
Hot material
rising
through
the mantle
Material cools as it reaches
the outer
mantle
Cold dense
material falls
back through
Plate Tectonics
Inner core

27. HYDROSPHERE
The water in Earth’s oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and glaciers as well as the water in the atmosphere.
97% is salt water in the oceans
3% is fresh water in glaciers, lakes, rivers and underground aquifers
Water is continually circulated on the Earth

28. The Water Cycle 28

29. The Water Cycle
Describes the movement of water on, in, and above the earth
Water is always changing and moving from one place to another
This cycle is made up of a few main parts:
Precipitation
Infiltration
Runoff
Transpiration
Evaporation
Water Vapor
Condensation
Collection

30. What is the water cycle?
The repeating change of water on the Earth creates a cycle
As water goes through its cycle, it can be a solid (ice), a liquid (water), or a gas (water vapor)
Ice can change to become water or water vapor
Water can change to become ice or water vapor
Water vapor can change to become ice or water.

31. Precipitation
Happens when the temperature and the atmospheric pressure are right
The small droplets of water in clouds form larger droplets and precipitation occurs. The raindrops fall to earth.
Occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it anymore
The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or snow
Click the speaker below to hear rain falling

32. Forms of Precipitation
Rain: Sleet:
Snow: Hail:

33. Infiltration Important process where rain water soaks into the
ground, through the soil and underlying rock layers
The flow of water from the
ground surface into the ground
Once infiltrated, the water
becomes soil moisture or
groundwater

34. Groundwater Flow
Movement of water underground is called groundwater flow
Groundwater slowly moves through the spaces and cracks between the soil particles on its journey to lower elevations

35. Runoff
The movement of land water to the oceans, mainly in the form of rivers, lakes, and streams
Consists of precipitation that neither evaporates, transpires nor penetrates the surface to become groundwater
Excess runoff can lead to flooding, which occurs when there is too much precipitation

36. Transpiration Process that happens through plants
As plants absorb water from the soil, the water moves from the roots through the stems to the leaves
Once the water reaches the leaves, some of it evaporates from the leaves, adding to the amount of water vapor in the air.

37. Evaporation
The process where a liquid, in this case water, changes from its liquid state to a gaseous state.
The sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam.
The water vapor or steam then leaves the river, lake, or ocean and goes into the air.

38. Water Vapor
Water in its gaseous state-instead of liquid or solid (ice)
Totally invisible
Extremely important to the weather and climate
Without out it, there would be no clouds or rain or snow
All of the water vapor that evaporates from the surface of the Earth eventually returns as precipitation - rain or snow

39. Condensation Formation of liquid drops from water vapor
Occurs when a parcel of rising air expands and cools
Responsible for the formation of clouds
These clouds may produce precipitation, which is the primary route for water to return to the Earth's surface within the water cycle

40. Collection
When water falls back to earth as precipitation, it may fall back in the oceans, lakes or rivers or it may end up on land
When it ends up on land, it will either soak into the earth and become part of the “ground water” that plants and animals use to drink.
It may run over the soil and collect in the oceans, lakes or rivers where the cycle starts all over again. 40

41. How Do These Changes Happen?
Adding or subtracting heat makes the cycle work.
If heat is added to ice, it melts. If heat is added to water, it evaporates.
Evaporation turns liquid water into a gas called water vapor.
If heat is taken away from water vapor, it condenses.
Condensation turns water vapor into a liquid.
If heat is taken away from liquid water, it freezes to become ice.

42. Why the Water Cycle is Important… Continued
Generation of electricity from thermal power plants
Waterways provide transportation
Recreational activities
Some people view the rivers and large lakes of this country as a part of their own identity
AND MUCH MORE!!!

43. The Biosphere
Includes all organisms on Earth as well as the environments in which they live.

44. The biosphere is the total of all of Earth's ecosystems
It is the global ecosystem, includes
Atmosphere
Land
All lakes and streams
Ocean
Biosphere is the most complex level in ecology
Figure 34.2A

45. The biosphere is self-contained
except for energy obtained from the sun and heat lost to space
Characterized by patchiness
Occurs in the distribution of deserts, grasslands, forests, and lakes
Habitat is place where organisms live
Each habitat has a unique community of species
Figure 34.2B

46. The Carbon Cycle

47. THE ATMOSPHERE The blanket of gases that surrounds our planet
Necessary for respiration of all living things
Protect inhabitants from solar radiation and helps keep temperatures suitable for life
78% nitrogen
21 % Oxygen

48. The surrounding air of the Earth
Atmosphere
The surrounding air of the Earth
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49. Layers of the atmosphere
There are 5 layers in the atmosphere
They are the troposphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere and the exoshpere

50. Troposphere
This is the layer that is closest to the surface of the earth
It’s elevation ranges from 0 to 10 km

51. Stratosphere This layer sits on top of the troposphere
It’s elevation ranges from 10 km to around 25 km
This layer contains the ozone layer, which protects us from harmful sunlight

52. Mesosphere This layer is above the stratosphere
It’s elevation ranges from 25 to 100 km

53. Thermosphere This is the highest layer of the atmosphere
It’s height ranges from 100 to 400 km
This is where most small meteorites burn up and is also the location in the atmosphere that the northern lights occur (aurora borealis)

54. Composition of Air
There are many different types of gasses in the atmosphere
They include nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide and other noble gasses
The gas that is most abundant is nitrogen