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Geology: Processes, Hazards, and Soils
G. Tyler Miller’s Living in the Environment 13th Edition Chapter 10 Dr. Richard Clements Chattanooga State Technical Community College
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Key Concepts Internal geologic processes External geologic processes
Minerals, rocks, and the rock cycle Earthquakes and volcanoes Soil structure and formation Soil conservation
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Geologic Processes Structure of the Earth Fig p. 204
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Features of the Crust Fig p. 205
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Internal Earth Processes
Plate tectonics Divergent boundary Convergent boundary Subduction zone Transform fault Ring of Fire Refer to Fig p. 207 Fig p. 208
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External Earth Processes
Erosion Mechanical weathering Frost wedging Chemical weathering Refer to Fig p. 209
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Minerals and Rocks Mineral (diamond, bauxite) Rock Types
Igneous (granite, lava) Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone) Metamorphic (marble, slate)
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The Rock Cycle Sedimentary Rock Heat, Pressure Heat, Igneous Rock
Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Deposition Transport Erosion Heat, Pressure Weathering External Processes Internal Processes Heat, Pressure Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Refer to Fig p. 210
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Natural Hazards: Earthquakes
Features Magnitude Aftershocks Primary effects Secondary effects Fig p. 210
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Expected Earthquake Damage
Canada United States No damage expected Minimal damage Moderate damage Severe damage Fig p. 211
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Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions
extinct volcanoes magma reservoir central vent conduit Solid lithosphere Upwelling Partially molten asthenosphere Fig p. 211 See Introductory Essay p. 203
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Soils: Formation Soil horizons Soil profile Humus Fig. 10-12 p. 212
O horizon Leaf litter A horizon Topsoil B horizon Subsoil C horizon Parent material Mature soil Young soil Regolith Bedrock Immature soil Fig p. 212
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Increasing percentage sand
Soil Properties Water High permeability Low permeability Fig p. 217 Infiltration Leaching Porosity/permeability 100%clay Increasing percentage silt percentage clay 20 40 60 80 100%sand 100%silt Increasing percentage sand Fig p. 216 Texture Structure pH
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Table 10-1 p. 216 Texture Nutrient Infiltration Water-Holding Aeration Tilth Capacity Capacity Clay Good Poor Good Poor Poor Silt Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Sand Poor Good Poor Good Good Loam Medium Medium Medium Medium Medium Refer to Fig p. 215
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Soils: Erosion Sheet erosion Rill erosion Gully erosion
See Fig p. 217
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Areas of serious concern Stable or nonvegetative areas
Global Soil Erosion Areas of serious concern Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas Fig p. 218
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Soils: Degradation Desertification Salinization Waterlogging
Evaporation Transpiration Waterlogging Less permeable clay layer Salinization Waterlogging Fig p. 221
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Solutions: Soil Conservation
Conventional-tillage Conservation tillage Cropping methods Windbreaks Refer to Fig p. 224 Land Classification
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Soil Restoration Organic fertilizer Animal manure Green manure Compost
Crop rotation Commercial inorganic fertilizer
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