Mammalian Organ Systems

Digestive System

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Alimentary Canal Alimentary canal – Digestive system that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus  About 30 feet in length

Alimentary Canal Hard and soft palates – Separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Alimentary Canal Epiglottis – cartilaginous structure that protects the superior opening of the larynx  When food is swallowed, the larynx is pulled upward and the epiglottis blocks the larynx Breathing stops when swallowing occurs

Alimentary Canal Esophagus – Long muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

Alimentary Canal Stomach – Holds and digests food Muscular walls contract and churn food with hydrochloric acid that break down proteins

Alimentary Canal Small intestines – Absorbs approximately 90% of nutrients and water  Duodenum – the first portion of the small intestine

Alimentary Canal  Jejunum – the long, coiled middle portion of the small intestine  Ileum – the final portion of the small intestine

Alimentary Canal Large intestines – Absorb the remaining nutrients and water from indigestible foods, compacts the remaining matter, and eliminates it as feces

Accessory Organs Accessory organs aid in digestion Liver – the body’s largest gland; detoxifies the blood and produces bile  Bile – used to break down fats

Accessory Organs Gallbladder - green muscular sac that hangs from the liver; collects, stores, and concentrates bile from the liver

Accessory Organs Pancreas – produces insulin and enzymes that aid in digestion  Insulin – helps regulate the amount of sugar in the blood

Cardiovascular System

Sensory Organ: Eye

Internal Anatomy of the Eye The eyeball is consisted of three tunics (coats)  Sclera – outer tunic (white of the eye)  Choroid – middle tunic (has a dark pigment that prevents light from escaping the eye)  Retina – inner tunic (has photoreceptors called rods and cones)

Internal Anatomy of the Eye Sclera Choroid Retina

Internal Anatomy of the Eye Cornea – Clear membrane that forms the front of the eye Iris – pigmented portion of the eye Pupil – The expanding and contracting opening in the iris through which light passes to the retina Pupil Cornea Iris

Internal Anatomy of the Eye Lens – Allows light to reach the retina to focus an image Lens Suspensory ligaments

Respiratory System

Glottis

Urinary System

Kidney – Forms and excretes urine Ureter – Tube that connects a kidney to a bladder Bladder – Stores urine