8086 and families

Features of Bit Microprocessor : is a 16bit processor. It’s ALU, internal registers works with 16bit binary word has a 16bit data bus. It can read or write data to a memory/port either 16bits or 8 bit at a time has a 20bit address bus which means, it can address up to 220 = 1MB memory location - Frequency range of 8086 is 6-10 MHz

8086 Architecture

Registers

8086 and 8088 Microprocessors 8086 announced in 1978; 8086 is a 16 bit microprocessor with a 16 bit data bus 8088 announced in 1979; 8088 is a 16 bit microprocessor with an 8 bit data bus Both manufactured using High-performance Metal Oxide Semiconductor (HMOS) technology Both contain about transistors Both are packaged in 40 pin dual-in-line package (DIP) Address lines A0-A7 and Data lines D0-D7 are multiplexed in 8088 – By multiplexed we mean that the same pysical pin carries an address bit at one time and the data bit another time Address lines A0-A15 and Data lines D0-D15 are multiplexed in 8086

TIMING DIAGRAM OF 8086

Minimum-mode and Maximum-mode Systems 8088 and 8086 microprocessors can be configured to work in either of the two modes: the minimum mode and the maximum mode Minimum mode: – Pull MN/MX to logic 1 – Typically smaller systems and contains a single microprocessor Maximum mode – Pull MN/MX logic 0 – Larger systems with more than one processor

Minimum-mode and Maximum-mode Systems Signals common to both minimum and maximum systems

Minimum mode unique signals

8086 Minimum-mode block diagram

BASIC 8086 MINIMUM MODE SYSTEM CLK READY RESET 8284A CLOCK GENE- RATOR WAIT STATE GENERATOR MN/MX M/IO INTA RD WR DT/R DEN ALE AD0- AD15 A16-A LATCH 8286 TRAN- CEIVER RAM PROM PERI- PHERAL DATA ADDR/DATA ADDR

CLK M/IO ALE ADDR/ DATA ADDR/ STATUS RD/INTA READY DT/R DEN T1T2T3TWTW T4 A15-A0 A19-A16 RESERVED FOR DATA VALID D15-D0 MEMORY ACCESS TIME

CLK M/IO ALE ADDR/ DATA ADDR/ STATUS READY DT/R DEN T1T2T3TWTW T4 A15-A0 A19-A16 DATA OUT (D15-D0) WR

Minimum Mode Interface Address/Data bus: 20 bits vs 8 bits multiplexed Status signals: A16-A19 multiplexed with status signals S3-S6 respectively  – S3 and S4 together form a 2 bit binary code that identifies which of the internal segment registers was used to generate the physical address that was output on the address bus during the current bus cycle.  – S5 is the logic level of the internal interrupt enable flag, s6 is always logic 0.

S4 S3 Address status 0 0 Alternate(relativeto ES segment) 0 1 Stack (relative to SS Segment) 1 0 Code/None (relative to CS segment or a default zero) 1 1 Data (relative to DS segment)

Maximum mode unique signals

Maximum-mode interface circuit diagram (8086)

Maximum Mode 8086 System Continued…

Maximum Mode Interface For multiprocessor environment 8288 Bus Controller is used for bus control WR¯,IO/M¯,DT/R¯,DEN¯,ALE, INTA¯ signals are not available Instead: – MRDC¯ (memory read command) – MWRT¯ (memory write command) – AMWC¯ (advanced memory write command) – IORC¯ (I/O read command) – IOWC¯ (I/O write command) – AIOWC¯ (Advanced I/O write command) – INTA¯ (interrupt acknowledge)

Status Bits They indicate the function of the current bus cycle. They are normally decoded by the 8288 bus controller

– The signals shown above are produced by 8288 depending on the state of S0, S1 and S2. DEN, DT/R¯ and ALE signals are the same as minimum-mode systems LOCK¯: when =0, prevents other processors from using the bus QS0 and QS1 (queue status signals) : informs about the status of the queue RQ¯/GT ¯0 and RQ¯/GT ¯1 are used instead of HOLD and HLDA lines in a multiprocessor environment as request/grant lines.

Memory Read timing in Maximum Mode Here MRDC* signal is used instead of RD* as in case of Minimum Mode S0* to S2* are active and are used to generate control signal.

Read Cycle of the maximum mode

INTERRUPT The meaning of ‘interrupts’ is to break the sequence of operation.While the cpu is executing a program,on ‘interrupt’ breaks the normal sequence of execution of instructions, diverts its execution to some other program called Interrupt Service Routine (ISR).After executing ISR, the control is transferred back again to the main program.

Interrupt Vector Table Type 0 POINTER (DIVIDE ERROR) Type 1 POINTER (SINGLE STEP) Type 2 POINTER (NON-MASKABLE) Type 3 POINTER (BREAK POINT) Type 4 POINTER (OVERFLOW) 010H 00CH 008H 004H 000H 16 bits CS base address IP offset

03FFH Type 5 Reserved Type 31 (Reserved) Type 32 (Available) 03FCH 080H 07FH 0014H Reserved Interrupts (27) Type 255 (Available) Available Interrupts (224)

Interrupt Vector Table INT Number Physical Address INT INT INT : INT FF003FC

Example Find the physical address in the interrupt vector table associated with a) INT 12H b) INT 8H Solution: a) 12H * 4 = 48H Physical Address: 00048H ( 48 through 4BH are set aside for CS & IP) b) 8 * 4 = 20H Memory Address : 00020H

Functions associated with INT00 to INT04 (Exceptions) INT 00 (divide error)  INT00 is invoked by the microprocessor whenever there is an attempt to divide a number by zero  ISR is responsible for displaying the message “Divide Error” on the screen

Ex1: Mov AL,82H;AL= 82 SUB CL,CL;CL=00 DIV CL;82/0 = undefined result EX2: Mov AX,0FFFH; AX = FFFFH Mov BL,2 ; BL=02 DIV BL; 65,535/2 = larger than 255 maximum capacity of AL

INT 01  For single stepping the trap flag must be 1  After execution of each instruction, 8086 automatically jumps to 00004H to fetch 4 bytes for CS: IP of the ISR

INT 02 (Non maskable Interrupt) 8086 NMI 5v When ever NMI pin of the 8086 is activated by a high signal (5v), the CPU Jumps to physical memory location to fetch CS:IP of the ISR assocaiated with NMI

INT 03 (break point)  A break point is used to examine the cpu and memory after the execution of a group of Instructions.  It is one byte instruction whereas other instructions of the form “INT nn” are 2 byte instructions.

INT 04 ( Signed number overflow)  There is an instruction associated with this INT 0 (interrupt on overflow).  If INT 0 is placed after a signed number arithmetic as IMUL or ADD the CPU will activate INT 04 if 0F = 1.  In case where 0F = 0, the INT 0 is not executed but is bypassed and acts as a NOP.

Example Mov AL, 64 Mov BL, 64 ADD AL, BL INT 0; 0F =  INT 0 causes the cpu to perform “INT 04” and jumps to physical location 00010H of the vector table to get the CS : IP of the ISR

HARDWARE INTERRUPTS  NMI : Non maskable interrupts  INTR : Interrupt request NMI INTR INTA 8086 Edge triggered Input Level triggered Input Response to INTR input

NMI: TYPE 2 Interrupt INTR: Between 20H and FFH Hardware Interrupts

The Math Coprocessor:8087(Numeric Data Processor (NDP)) The 8086 performs integer math operations Floating point operations are needed, e.g. for Sqrt (X), sin (x), etc. These are complex math operations that require large registers, complex circuits, and large areas on the chip A general data processor avoids this much burden and delegates such operations to a processor designed specifically for this purpose -e.g. math coprocessor (8087) for the 8086 The 8086 and the 8087 coprocessors operate in parallel and share the busses and memory resources The 8086 marks floating point operations as ESC instructions, will ignore them and 8087 will pick them up and execute them

8087-MATH COPROCESSOR

ARCHITECTUTRE CONTROL UNIT EXECUTION UNIT

Synchronization between 8086 & the 8087 Coprocessor The assembler marks all FP instructions as ESC instructions having a special range of opcodes. The Coprocessor monitors the 8086 bus activities and Intercepts such instructions, captures them for execution WAIT instructions can be used to halt the 8086 to ensure that the 8087 has finished a crucial step, e.g. storing a result in memory.

Direct Memory Access (DMA) Direct Memory Access (DMA) - device other than processor controls transfer of data between memory and an I/O device – contrast with processor/memory accesses and I/O instructions A DMA controller, or DMAC, is specialized logic (processor) that is optimized for the task of transferring data between I/O devices and memory without involving main processor (CPU) A DMA channel is the set of control and data lines a DMA controller uses to perform the transfer of data a DMA controller can have multiple channels so DMA accesses can be performed for multiple devices (but only one at a time, and only for a set of similar devices)

At minimum, a DMA operation needs the channel number (which I/O device requires the DMA), a beginning address in memory for the transfer, the number of bytes to transfer, and the direction of transfer (I/O to memory, or vice-versa) The processor kicks off the DMA activity with an ordinary I/O write to a control register in the DMA controller, then continues fetching and executing instructions as usual When DMA activity is finished, DMA controller interrupts the processor, resulting in execution of ISR for the DMAC DMAC more efficiently transfers data blocks between I/O device and memory than the CPU (why?) -- also, the CPU is freed to perform other tasks (overlapped or concurrent)

DMAC Connection

3 Modes of DMA Operation ByteBurst Block

Direct Memory Access (DMA) Operation of a DMA transfer

80286 ARCHITECTURE

80386 ARCHITECTURE

80486 ARCHITECTURE