Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova on behalf of the LowE WG Geant4 Workshop and Geant4  Review, CERN, October 2002

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova The process in a nutshell We have and maintain a URD –regular contacts with users We have a process for requirements management –but we would like to have a tool for it! OK We do analysis and design –We validate our designs against use cases We do design and code reviews –not enough, however… –main problem: geographical spread + overwork Unit, package integration, system tests + validation –we do a lot… but we would like to do more availability of resources –limited by availability of resources for core testing Test & Analysis Project –need a more systematic approach and better tools  Test & Analysis Project –close collaboration with users traceability Full requirements traceability –still improving it: added documentation and validation results as traceability items –in progress: traceability documentation from simple matrix to UML We hold regular WG meetings to discuss and agree our project planning We keep everything in CVS (version control) –code, designs, tests, documents, papers etc. We have a SPI process –with some spells of SPD sometimes… –collaboration with Anaphe for a common (tailored) process We maintain a web site –LowE, advanced examples, WG projects More details: see talk on Software Process in Physics, Geant4 Review 2001

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Recent physics activities Electron processes –New parameterisations of LLNL data –Various bug fixes –Tests against NIST database (range) –Tests against Sandia database Photon processes –Rather stable –Tests of angular distributions in progress Polarisation –Improvement of Compton –  conversion in progress –Contacts with experiments for common validation tests Auger effect –New Fluorescence –Small fixes and improvements while re- implementing in design iteration –Test beam validation in collaboration with ESA Science Payload Division PIXE –Toy model –Established contacts for databases, plans for new model Protons, ions –Stable, minor improvements –Bragg peak tests in progress Antiprotons –Paper in progress, very close to submission

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Photons: mass attenuation coefficient Comparison against NIST data Fe Tests by IST - Natl. Inst. for Cancer Research, Genova (F. Foppiano et al.) Also water, Pb This test will be introduced into the Test & Analysis project for a systematic verification LowE accuracy ~ 1% UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Photon attenuation: Geant4 vs. NIST data waterFe Pb accuracy within 1% Low Energy EM l Standard EM w.r.t. NIST data Test and validation by IST - Natl. Inst. for Cancer Research, Genova UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Photons: angular distributions Rayleigh scattering: Geant4-LowE and expected distribution (more work in progress) UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Photons, evidence of shell effects Photon transmission, 1  m Al Photon transmission, 1  m Pb UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Electron Bremsstrahlung New parameterisations of EEDL data library –in response to problem reports from various users –precision is now ~ 1.5 % Plans –Systematic verification over Z and energy –Need Test & Analysis Project for automated verification UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Electron ionisation New parameterisations of EEDL data library –in response to problem reports from various users –precision is now better than 5 % for ~ 50% of the shells, poorer for the 50% left Plans –Systematic verification over shell, Z and energy –Need Test & Analysis Project for automated verification (all shells, 99 elements!) UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Electrons: range Range in various simple and composite materials Compared to NIST database Al Also Be, Fe, Au, Pb, Ur, air, water, bone, muscle, soft tissue Testbed for Test&Analysis prototype UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Electrons: dE/dx Ionisation energy loss in various materials Compared to Sandia database More systematic verification planned (for publication) Also Fe, Ur UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Electrons, transmitted 20 keV electrons, 0.32 and 1.04  m Al UR 1.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Protons Straggling Stopping power Z dependence for various energies Ziegler and ICRU models Ziegler and ICRU, FeZiegler and ICRU, Si Nuclear stopping power Bragg peak (with hadronic interactions) UR 2.1 UR 2.5

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Antiprotons Dashed –Geant4 LowE proton Solid –Geant4 LowE Quantal Harmonic Oscillator model Dotted-dashed –Non-linear calculation by Arista and Lifschitz Points –Experimental data from ASACUSA UR 2.3

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Ions Ar and C ions Deuterons UR 2.2

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Polarisation 250 eV -100 GeV y O z x     h h   A C  Polar angle  Azimuthal angle  Polarization vector Integrating over  Sample   - Energy Relation  Energy Sample of  from P(  ) = a (b – c cos 2  ) distribution More details: talk on Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Other polarised processes under development Sample Methods: Cross section: Scattered Photon Polarization 10 MeV small large 100 keV small large 1 MeV small large Low Energy Polarised Compton UR 4.1, D.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Fluorescence Scattered photons Fe lines GaAs lines Spectrum from a Mars-simulant rock sample Microscopic validation: against reference data Experimental validation: test beam data, in collaboration with ESA Science Payload Division UR 3.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Auger effect New process, validation in progress Auger electron emission from various materials Sn, 3 keV photon beam, electron lines w.r.t. published experimental results UR 3.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Contribution from users Many valuable contributions to the validation of LowE physics from users all over the world –excellent relationship with our user community User comparisons with data usually involve the effect of several physics processes of the LowE package A small sample in the next slides –no time to show all!

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova P. Rodrigues, A. Trindade, L.Peralta, J. Varela GEANT4 Medical Applications at LIP LIP – Lisbon

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Homogeneous Phantom 10x10 cm 2 15x15 cm 2 10x10 cm 2 Differences 15x15 cm 2 Differences  Simulation of photon beams produced by a Siemens Mevatron KD2 clinical linear accelerator  Phase-space distributions interface with GEANT4  Validation against experimental data: depth dose and profile curves P. Rodrigues, A. Trindade, L.Peralta, J. Varela, LIP LIP – Lisbon

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Electron Transport at Low Energies GEANT4 (Low+Std)  Evaluation of electron range for different GEANT4 releases Styrophoam Lead

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Dose Calculations with 12 C  Bragg peak localization calculated with GEANT4 (stopping powers from ICRU49 and Ziegler85) and GEANT3 in a water phantom  Comparison with GSI data

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Geant4 low energy validation Jean-Francois Carrier, Louis Archambault, Rene Roy and Luc Beaulieu Service de radio-oncologie, Hotel-Dieu de Quebec, Quebec, Canada Departement de physique, Universite Laval, Quebec, Canada The following results will be published soon. They are part of a general Geant4 low energy validation project.

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Using Geant4, we calculated depth-dose curves for many different electron or photon sources: Beams monoenergetic beam realistic clinical accelerator beam Point sources monoenergetic source source with real nuclide energy spectra and different irradiated media: Homogeneous water, Be, Mo or U Heterogeneous water/Al/lung/water water/air/steel/air/water

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Uranium irradiated by electron beam Fig 1. Depth-dose curve for a semi-infinite uranium slab irradiated by a 0.5 MeV broad parallel electron beam 1 Chibani O and Li X A, Med. Phys. 29 (5), May 2002

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Multi-slab medium irradiated by photons Fig 2. Depth-dose curve for a multi-slab medium irradiated by a 18 MV realistic clinical accelerator photon beam 2 Rogers D W O and Mohan R,

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Water phantom irradiated by clinac beam Fig 3. Relative dose distribution for a water phantom irradiated by a 6 MeV Clinac 2100C electron beam 3 Ding G X and Rogers D W O

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Ions Independent validation at Univ. of Linz ( H. Paul et al.) Geant4-LowE reproduces the right side of the distribution precisely, but about 10-20% discrepancy is observed at lower energies

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Dose distribution: TG 43 protocol, experimental data (S. Paolo Hospital, Savona), G4-LowE S. Guatelli’s thesis

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Application Courtesy of S. Magni, Borexino Not only “space and medical”! Cosmic rays, jovian electrons Solar X-rays, e, p Courtesy SOHO EIT and more!

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Team work! Students Jean-Francois Carrier Stephane Chauvie Elena Guardincerri Susanna Guatelli Alfonso Mantero Pedro Rodrigues Andreia Trindade Matteo Tropeano Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Working Group + users all over the world Thanks to all! The validation plots in this presentation have been contributed by 19 people from 9 countries

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Further physics improvements and extensions Various projects in progress –all motivated by requirements in the URD Some examples in the following slides –no time to show all!

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova  Current bremstrahlung polar angle generation scheme is independent of both atomic number, Z, and emitted photon momentum, k  Does not account variations due to the screening of the nucleus by the atomic electrons  At generator level, for 50 keV incident electrons with k/T=0.7 in Ag Bremsstrahlung Models New model (2BN) to be implemented by LIP group UR A.5

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Polarisation Polarisation of a non-polarised photon beam, simulation and theory theory simulation Ratio between intensity with perpendicular and parallel polarisation vector w.r.t. scattering plane, linearly polarised photons UR 1.4, 4.1

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Ongoing significant effort in OOAD

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Other activities in the WG Advanced examples Simulation + analysis in a distributed computing environment Test & Analysis Technology transfer Training

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Technology transfer Particle physics software aids space and medicine M.G. Pia and J. Knobloch Geant4 is a showcase example of technology transfer from particle physics to other fields such as space and medical science […]. CERN Courier, June 2002

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Talks in WG web 1.The Geant4 Toolkit: simulation capabilities and application results M.G. Pia et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, Geant4: a powerful tool for medical physics E. Lamanna et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, Dose calculation for radiotherapic treatment on a distributed computing environment S. Chauvie et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, Parallel Geant4 simulation in medical and space science applications J. Moscicki et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, Simulation and analysis for astroparticle experiments A. Howard et al., 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and Radiation Detectors, Siena, Leipzig applicators Montecarlo simulations: results and comparison with experimental and manufacturer's data M. Tropeano et al., 21st ESTRO Meeting, Prague, Tools for simulation and analysis A. Pfeiffer and M.G. Pia (for the Geant4 and Anaphe Collaborations), ICHEP02, Amsterdam, 2002Tools for simulation and analysis 8.The Geant4 Simulation Toolkit and Its Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Package S. Chauvie et al., 44th Annual Meeting of the American Ass. of Physicists in Medicine, Montreal, 2002The Geant4 Simulation Toolkit and Its Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics Package 9.The Geant4 Toolkit: Overview M. G. Pia, Invited lecture at the MCNEG Workshop, Stoke-on-Trent, UK, 2002The Geant4 Toolkit: Overview 10.Medical applications of the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit M. G. Pia, Invited lecture at the MCNEG Workshop, Stoke-on-Trent, UK, 2002Medical applications of the Geant4 Simulation Toolkit 11.Simulation software: applications and results in the bio-medical domain M. G. Pia et al., VII International Conference on Advanced Technologies and Particle Physics, Como, 2001Simulation software: applications and results in the bio-medical domain 12.From HEP computing to bio-medical research and vice-versa: technology transfer and application results M. G. Pia et al., Plenary talk at CHEP 2001, Beijing, China, 2001From HEP computing to bio-medical research and vice-versa: technology transfer and application results 13.Architecture of Collaborating Frameworks A.Pfeiffer et al., CHEP2001, Beijing, China, 2001Architecture of Collaborating Frameworks 14.Simulation For Astroparticle Experiments And Planetary Explorations A.Brunengo (for the Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Group), CHEP2001, Beijing, China, 2001Simulation For Astroparticle Experiments And Planetary Explorations 15.Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics M. G. Pia (for the Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Group), CHEP2001, Beijing, China, 2001Geant4 Low Energy Electromagnetic Physics 16.The GEANT4 simulation toolkit G. Santin, Monte Carlo Workshop for Nuclear Medicine applications, July 2001The GEANT4 simulation toolkit 17.Geant4: simulation capabilities and application results M.G. Pia (for the Geant4 Collaboration), EPS-HEP Conference, Budapest, July 2001Geant4: simulation capabilities and application results

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Resources New collaborators: –Pablo Cirrone (INFN-LNS) –Luis Peralta, Pedro Rodrigues, Andreia Trindade (LIP, Lisbon) (new institute, applied) –Group from INFN-Gran Sasso also interested to join Status on 1 September 2002

Maria Grazia Pia, INFN Genova Conclusions We do a lot of work –and we do our best to do it well… rigorous software process –a rigorous software process, continuous SPI team-work –very effective team-work, several brilliant and motivated young collaborators We have plenty of interesting physics results in a new (and difficult) simulation domain –significant progress in the last year in a few problematic areas –don’t forget in what status we inherited the package, when the WG was created! A huge user community worldwide –excellent, constructive relationship between users and developers –more support for our activities outside the Collaboration than inside??? Many new projects in the WG, not only physics –Testing system, analysis, advanced examples, distributed computing, technology transfer More information in