Mr. Hardy Randolph Middle School 2015 The Enlightenment Mr. Hardy Randolph Middle School 2015

The Beginning of the Enlightenment 1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. Early 1700’s: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? Laws that govern human nature Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

Major Enlightenment Ideas Every social, political and economic problem could be solved through the use of reason Governments are created to secure an orderly society Separation of powers is the best way to protect human liberties All men are created “free and equal” A free market should be allowed to regulate trade

Major Enlightenment Ideas #2 Natural Rights: a right that cannot be taken away, denied, or transferred State of Nature: in an uncivilized or uncultured condition. Social Contract: an agreement between the people and the government that makes decisions that effect those people

The Spread of the Enlightenment

Enlightenment Thinkers John Locke Thomas Hobbes

Social Contract Thomas Hobbes John Locke Humans are naturally cruel, greedy and selfish. To escape this “brutish” life people entered into a social contract. Only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society. Believed only an absolute monarchy could keep a society completely orderly. Humans are naturally reasonable, moral and good Humans have natural rights: life liberty and property People form governments to protect natural rights Best government was one with limited power If a government violates people’s natural rights, people have the right to overthrow government

Jean Jacques Rousseau believed politics and morality are not separate he is considered an opponent of the Enlightenments emphasis on reason rely more on instinct and emotion government is a contract between the ruler and citizens wrote The Social Contract

Rousseau “Man is born free, but everywhere he is in chains.” Rousseau’s ideas are very similar to Locke’s, but Rousseau believed that the General Will was more important than the rights of individuals. General Will means the same thing as majority rule. Rousseau believed in a state on nature, all men are free and happy. The only purpose of government is to protect the General Will. People give up all their rights to the government, in order for the government to protect the General Will Rousseau was a Catholic who converted to Calvinism and favored religious tolerance for all religions.

Enlightenment and the Economy Physiocrats were Enlightenment thinkers who focused on economic reforms Laissez-Faire: allowing business to operate with little or no government interference

Activity LABEL! Label your body biography with the philosopher’s name Complete the Body Biography Activity on either Locke, Rousseau, or Hobbes. You pick! GLUE IT IN YOUR NOTEBOOK! Heart- The area where your philosopher’s heart would show their view on religion. Right Hand- should illustrate actions and accomplishments OR what they contributed to history Left Hand- should contain the type of government they thought was best Brain- his belief about the nature of man Left Leg- This should illustrate their view on the “Social Contract.” Right Leg- how do they influence today’s society? Color - Colors are often symbolic. What color(s) do you most associate with your philosopher? Why? How can you effectively weave these colors into your presentation? Symbols - What objects can you associate with your philosopher? Choose objects that especially seem to correspond with the philosopher. LABEL! Label your body biography with the philosopher’s name

The Enlightenment Day #2 Mr. Hardy Randolph Middle School 2014-2015

Enlightenment and Society Detested the slave trade and slavery Deplored religious prejudice Defended freedom of speech Attacked divine right theory Urged education for all Hated unequal distribution of property Believed governments should be freely elected Women’s first duty was to her family

Enlightenment Changes Society Women: Women were not equal and were criticized for attempting to gain equality Salons: Gatherings to discuss ideas Music: Ballets and operas become popular Art: Baroque gives way to rococo art (simple, elegant and charming) Literature: Novels become popular

Enlightenment Changes Society Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to change and hurt the worst Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely

Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government Baron de Montesquieu: Criticized absolute monarchy and admired British government British protected themselves from tyranny by dividing powers of government between three branches: legislative, executive and judicial (misconception) Each branch of government should be able to ‘check’ the other two What government does this sound like?

Voltaire Advocated freedom of thought, speech, politics, and religion. Against the Roman Catholic church and Christianity- religious tolerance He was imprisoned in the Bastille in Paris and exiled because of his attacks on the French government and the Catholic Church.

Voltaire “I disagree with what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.” Voltaire??? Wanted freedom of religion for everyone. Detested Christian hypocrisy. Hated the French Monarchy and the Catholic Church for their absolute rule. Praised the British government for their limited monarchy and protection of civil liberties. Exiled for his criticism of the French Government and Catholic Church.

Mary Wolstonecraft disagreed with societies treatment of women believed marriage was particularly unfair to women advocated equal education for women and men wrote Vindication of the Rights of Women believed that both sexes could contribute equally to society

Cesare Beccaria Born in Milan, Italy in 1738 in to an aristocratic family. Wrote “On Crimes and Punishments”, published in 1764 His main points were: The punishment should fit the crime. No cruel or unusual punishment. The death penalty is unjust.

Immanuel Kant Born in Prussia in 1724, Kant’s family was a working class family of devout Lutherans. Educated in a Lutheran school, learned Latin, physics and math. Very influenced by Isaac Newton. 1740 he enrolled in the University of Königsberg, received his degree in 1755! Considered the greatest philosopher of the Enlightenment.

Immanuel Kant Moral Philosophy – admired Jean Jacques Rousseau. Philosophy cannot be like mathematics. Mathematics is clear and precise and without morals. Philosophy is not systematic, but must have moral order. Individuals must be free to think for themselves, and use reason and experience together.

Activity Complete the Philosopher’s Chart. Write in complete sentences. Your icon should be no bigger than the box provided and should symbolize the thoughts of that philosopher. Your icon must be in color. *Glue into your notebook when you are done!