Chapter AP* Sixth Edition World Civilizations The Global Experience World Civilizations The Global Experience Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert From Human History to the Early Civilizations 1-2-3

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Old Stone Age - Paleolithic Culture –Developments by 12,000 B.C.E.  Hunting-gathering  Art –Spread to Europe, Asia, Australia, and the Americas Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Human Populations, c. 10,000 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Human Society and Daily Life at the End of the Paleolithic Age –Variety  Bands of hunter-gatherers  Agricultural settlements just beginning - Why? –Gender division of labor  Men: hunting, fishing, defense  Women: gathering, making medicine Human Life in the Era of Hunters and Gatherers

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Neolithic – New Stone Age Sedentary agriculture - farming Plants and Animals domesticated Development of towns / Cities / Civilizations Causes? –Climatic shifts The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Domestication of Plants and Animals –Plants  Slow development –Animals from 12,000 B.C.E.:  dogs, sheep, goats, pigs The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of Agriculture

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert During the Spread of the Neolithic Revolution / farming –Hunting-and-gathering persists –Pastoralism The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Spread of the Neolithic Revolution –China - Millet and Rice –Southeast Asia –Mesoamerica, Peru –Maize, manioc, sweet potatoes –Population  Preneolithic: 5-8 million  By 4000 B.C.E., 60 or 70 million The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Indo-European Migrations / ( bce) Indo European Migrations Originate in steppes of central Asia - probably southern Russia or the Ukraine Brought languages that are still used today throughout much of Europe, Asia, Middle East, and India pastoral people - would learn farming Horses / iron metallurgy –They would intermarry and blend/share cultures.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Social Differentiation –Permanent settlements – Houses - towns/cities/civilizations - No longer nomadic –Specialized occupations –Regional exchange of goods / Trade –Governments / laws –Farming on a large scale for thousands –Ownership The Neolithic Revolution – 8000 to 3500 B.C.E.

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Çatal Hüyük –c B.C.E., southern Turkey –Large complex –Agriculture, commerce –Shrines / temples Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Defining Civilization –Governing body –Large population –Writing – earliest was cuneiform –Social Classes - Division of labor –Economy – production / trade –Environmental impact greater with civilizations Why? Settled where? Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Mesopotamia - Sumeria –Tigris and Euphrates plain / river valley –Irrigation > food surplus - Tigris and Euphrates rivers –Sumerians in c B.C.E. Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sumeria: Political and Social Organization –City-States  Establish boundaries  State religion / polytheistic  Courts –Kings  Defense, war –Priests  With kings, administer state land and slaves Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Sumeria: Culture and Religion –Writing  Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets  Phonetic  Scribes  Epic of Gilgamesh –Astronomy, numeric system –Religion  Patron gods/ polytheistic Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Akkadian Empire –Sargon I  c bce The Babylonian Empire –c B.C.E., unites under Hammurabi  Law Code Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egyptian Civilization –Farming by 5000 B.C.E. –Civilization emerges by 3200 B.C.E.  Difference: no city ‑ states –Government  Pharaoh, intermediary between gods and men  Bureaucracy  Regional governors Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Egyptian Ideas and Art –Hieroglyphic alphabet  Pictograms, phonetic / Papyrus –Medicine –Religion  Isis, Osiris, Horus  Cycle of life, annual rise and fall of Nile Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization The Indus River Valley –Harappan civilization, 3000 B.C.E.  Indus river system  Valley plains, snow-fed rivers –The Great Cities of the Indus Valley Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro  Densely populated  Walled  Square grid pattern  Construction: kiln-dried bricks

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert India in the Age of Harappa and the Early Aryan Migrations

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Civilization Beginnings of China –Longshan culture ( B.C.E.)  Millet, larger villages  Controlled river with dikes –Rulers associated with flood control  Mythical Yu, ruler of Xia civilization / empire  Shang Dynasty – 1500 bce  Zhou Dynasty 1100 bce –Religion  Shamans served as oracles –Writing / Ideographs Pictagraphs– about 3000

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations Technological innovations –Pottery –Plows –Woven textiles –Metallurgy – copper- bronze – iron –Wheel

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations *Mesopotamia – Tigris and Euphrates River Valley *Egypt – Nile River Valley *Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa – Indus River Valley *Shang Dynasty – Yellow River or Huang He River Valley *Olmecs – Mesoamerica *Chavin – Andean South America

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert The Heritage of the River Valley Civilizations New societies in the Middle East –Phoenicians - Alphabet  New alphabet from about 1300 B.C.E.  Active as traders in the Mediterranean –Hebrews  Settled in Eastern Mediterranean from 1200 B.C.E.  Special relationship with their deity  Monotheism

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns Adas Schwartz Gilbert Global Connections: The Early Civilizations and the World Comparing Early Civilizations –Egypt largely isolated –Mesopotamia more open to the outside – Traded with others –China’s early influence not great - isolated  Developments emerging that would later influence Korea, Japan, Vietnam –Harappan society in contact with Mesopotamia