1. Human Prehistory To Early Civilizations

2. Paleolithic (Old Stone) Age
Homo erectus
stood upright
learned simple tools
– rocks & sticks for hunting and gathering
Africa Asia and Europe
Homo sapiens sapiens - all current races are descended from this subspecies
Our category of species
lived as small bands of hunter-gatherers.
developed language, rituals, and more sophisticated tools.
**WILL NOT BE ON AP TEST!**

3. Era of Hunters and Gatherers
Cause of spread of pre-Agricultural societies
Hunting-and-gathering economies dominated human history until 9000 B.C.E.
hunter-gatherer economy benefited with improved tools
Improved economiesincreased population  migration expanded

12. Late Paleolithic Developments
Life became easier (some free time) stone tool & weapons improved
Development of rituals & religion – helped people deal w/fear about death & nature
Gender division of labor
Men: hunting, fishing, defense
Women: gathering, making medicine
Gender Equality???
Increased food supply  increased population increased technological advance  increased conflict
Why did religion develop?
Compare gender relations to 2009

13. The Neolithic – Bronze Age (3000 BCE)
Dev. agricultural societies – permanent settlements
Causes?
Climatic shifts
The Domestication of Plants and Animals - dogs, sheep, goats, pigs
Results?
economic, political, and social organization began in the Middle East – Tigris River Valley Civ (~10,000 B.C.E.)
resources to free up a small potion of population increased levels of economic, political, and religious activity
Example: metal tool makers who specialized & exchanged for food.
Metalworking technology spread out from Middle East
Shifts from New Stone Age to Bronze Age?
Results of the rise of Agricultural economies?

14. Spread of Agriculture

15. Resistance Many tribes used both hunting/gathering and agriculture.
Some resisted completely (Northern Japan)
Others were unable to cultivate (Central Asia – leads to tough nomadic invaders)
Others used slash and burn agriculture – farm intensively for several years and then move on.

16. The Rise of “Civilization” 3500 B.C.E.
Elements of civiliz-ations?
River Valley civilizations
Tigris-Euphrates
Formal states, writing, cities, and monuments
Settlements / villages
slash and burn agriculture / irrigation
Elaborate trading patterns
extensive political territories
Dev. alongside major rivers
water supply for ag. production
1st RVC– Mesopotamia (region?) Sumerians ~3500 B.C.E - dev. the first known human writing - cuneiform
Dev. astronomical sciences
Dev. agricultural prosperity w/fertilizers
Used silver for trade

17. Tigris-Euphrates Civilization
developed Hammurabi’s code
laid down the procedure for law courts
regulated property rights
duties of family members
set harsh punishments for crimes
This focus on standardizing a legal system was one of the features of early river valley civilizations
Results??
Babylonians
Why is a written legal system so significant?

20. Egyptian Civilization
Egyptians
Emerged in N. Africa along the Nile River by about 3000 B.C.E.
benefited from trade & influences from Mesopotamia
produced its own distinct social structures & cultural expressions.
Mathematical achievements and impressive architectural structures
2700 B.C.E. - Egyptian pharaohs built pyramids as their tombs
used slave labor

21. In the margin of your notes, record the:
Subject(s) of this piece of art—what is being discussed or displayed.
The occasion—what is happening or what led to this being done
The audience—who was it painted for, or who was intended to view it
Purpose—why did the artist paint this, how did s/he want to viewer to react
Speaker—who do you think painted this, be general, not specific
Significance—what is the historical significance of this piece of art

22. Indian and Chinese River Valley Civilizations
Indus River – BCE
Cities: Harappa, Mohenjo Daro
Trade w/Mesopotamia
Indo-European invasions caused devastation
Huanghe (Yellow) River
Isolation
Irrigation
Horses/iron/coal
P'an Ku – mythic ancestor of the Chinese
Writing – ideographs (symbols)
1500 BCE - Shang dynasty
Decline but great continuity

23. The Legacy of the River Valley Civilizations
Religious ideas - many gods in aspects of nature -
Political structures - tightly organized city-states, ruled by a king who claimed divine authority
System of courts
Kings -power over defense and war; leadership of army
Science/technology -
wheel, alphabets, mathematics, and divisions of time
Mesopotamian art and Egyptian architecture influenced the Greeks & Romans
The Phoenicians devised a simplified alphabet – 22 letters
Jews - smaller Middle Eastern group - first clearly developed monotheistic religion
Polytheism
Significance of monotheism??

24. A/B Find a partner. Someone is A and someone is B.
Partner A: List as many of the early civilizations to partner B as possible.
Partner B: Listen and if partner A misses one – help them out. Then identify the characteristics that are critical for a society to become a civilization to partner A.

25. Discussion Questions
Compare the drawbacks of non-civilized societies with civilized societies.
Compare the advantages of an agricultural based society with a hunter-gatherer society.

26. Foldable – Compare & Contrast the Classical Civilizations
China India Greek/Roman
Political Systems / Leadership
Law
Religion
Social / Family / Gender
Writing system / Education
Trade / Economics
Technology
Achievements