1. Period 1: Technological and Environmental Transformations to c. 600 BCE

2. Some Key Terms to Know Neolithic Revolution Neolithic Revolution Invention of agriculture Invention of agriculture Pastoralism Pastoralism Herders; Raising of domesticated animals Herders; Raising of domesticated animals Slash and Burn Slash and Burn Using ashes from burned forests as fertilizer Using ashes from burned forests as fertilizer Animism Animism Seeing gods in nature (i.e.worship the sun) Seeing gods in nature (i.e.worship the sun) Ideographic writing Ideographic writing Symbols = concepts (i.e. Chinese writing) Symbols = concepts (i.e. Chinese writing) Catal Huyuk Catal Huyuk Neolithic village > Turkey Neolithic village > Turkey

3. Key Concept : The Development & Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral & Urban Societies Societies to Civilizations Societies to Civilizations Shared features Shared features Agricultural surpluses Agricultural surpluses Specialized Labor Specialized Labor Cities Cities Political Bureaucracies Political Bureaucracies Armies Armies Religious Hierarchies Religious Hierarchies Social Hierarchies Social Hierarchies Long-distance trading/economic exchanges Long-distance trading/economic exchanges

4. I. Core and Foundational Civilizations CivilizationLocation MesopotamiaTigris-Euphrates River Valley EgyptNile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro & HarappaIndus River Valley ShangYellow River (Huang He) Valley OlmecsMesoamerica ChavinAndean South America

5. II. First States Emerge Powerful systems of rule Powerful systems of rule Mobilized surplus labor & resources Mobilized surplus labor & resources Ruler Ruler Thought to be “divine” Thought to be “divine” Supported by military Supported by military Best situated States Best situated States Greater resources>more surplus food>more population Greater resources>more surplus food>more population Mesopotamia; Babylonia; Nile Valley Mesopotamia; Babylonia; Nile Valley Weapons> Iron; Compound Bows Weapons> Iron; Compound Bows New Transportation> Chariots; Horseback Riding New Transportation> Chariots; Horseback Riding

6. III. Culture: Laws, Language, Literature, Religion, Myths, Monuments

7. Sculpture Also painting, wall decorations, weaving

8. Record Keeping Cuneiform > Summerians Cuneiform > Summerians Hieroglyphics > Egypt Hieroglyphics > Egypt Pictographs > Olmecs, Chinese (Ideographic) Pictographs > Olmecs, Chinese (Ideographic) Alphabets > Phoenicians Alphabets > Phoenicians

9. Monotheism Jews Jews Influenced by Babylonian civilization Influenced by Babylonian civilization Settled near the Mediterranean Settled near the Mediterranean God’s special contract with His “chosen people” God’s special contract with His “chosen people”

10. Legal Codes Code of Hammurabi

11. Trade Expansion Egypt > Nubia, Kush, Ethiopia Mesopotamia > Indus River Valley (Harrapa)