TO AUTUMN JOHN KEATS

CONTENT The Romantic Period Poet Description of the Poem Themes Symbols Values Language Use Metaphors Implementations in the class Conclusion

ROMANTICISM (1850 - 1920 )

ROMANTICISM an artistic, literary and intellectual movement in the second half of the 18th century in Europe, in reaction to the Industrial revolution. a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment. a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature. most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature,

HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS age of revolutions the American (1776) and the French (1789) revolutions age of upheavals in political, economic, and social traditions, IMAGINATION imagination as our ultimate "shaping" or creative power, the approximate human equivalent of the creative powers of nature or even deity. dynamic, an active, rather than passive power, with many functions.

NATURE a work of art, constructed by a divine imagination, emblematic language ants ="heap'd stones," grass = a natural "hieroglyphic," "the handkerchief of the Lord." SYMBOLISM great prominence in the Romantic conception of art. symbols were the human aesthetic correlatives of nature's emblematic language.

EMOTION,LYRIC,POETRY greater emphasis on the importance of intuition, instincts, and feelings, greater attention to the emotions as a necessary supplement to purely logical reason. CONTRASTS WITH NEOCLASICISM systematic contrast with the norms of "Versailles neoclassicism." Neoclasicism=strict laws of balance and restraint, rigid, severe, and unemotional. Romanticism=consciously asserted their differences from the previous age declared their freedom from the mechanical "rules." emotional, deeply-felt, individualistic.

INDIVIDUALISM:THE ROMANTIC HERO importance of the individual, the unique, the eccentric. they opposed the character typology of neoclassical drama. created its own literary types. THE ROMANTIC ARTIST IN SOCIETY Romantics were ambivalent toward the "real" social world around them. politically and socially involved, distance themselves from the public.

JOHN KEATS

Born on 31 October 1795 in central London One of the key figures in the second generation of the Romantic movement  Keats's first surviving poem, An Imitation of Spenser, The poetry of Keats is characterized by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of odes, Developed an interest in classics and history which would stay with him throughout his short life. 

He suffered from tuberclosis.  his mother died of tuberculosis leaving the children in the custody of their grandmother. died on 23 February 1821

DESCRIPTION OF THE POEM

The first stanza Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; AUTUMN autumn and the sun are old pals "Mists" often accompany chilly weather because the moisture in the air condenses into a vapor when it's cold. the sun, who is"maturing" as the year goes on when many fruits and other crops are harvested, making autumn fruit-full.

Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run; They are planning how to make fruit grow on the vines that curl around the roofs ("eves") of thatched cottages. The image highlights the weight of the fruit as it "loads" down the vines. Thatched cottages suggest a pastoral setting, characterized by shepherds, sheep, maidens, and agriculture

To bend with apples the moss'd cottage-trees,  And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;   The ripeness penetrates deep to the very center of the fruit. The apples "bend" down the branches of mossy trees with their weight They're not like those apples that look delicious until you take a bite and realize that the fruit is hard and sour. No, these babies are ready for chow-time right now.

To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, the ripeness converged on the center of the fruit. Now, the ripeness expands like a balloon to "fill up" nuts and gourds like squash, zucchini, and, especially, pumpkins It's almost as if the speaker is coordinating the growth of all these fruits and nuts. He's like, "more! More! MORE!"

And still more, later flowers for the bees,  Until they think warm days will never cease,  For summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells The bees are like monks or prisoners inside of "clammy cells," the cells being the moist insides of the flowers in which they seek nectar. The bees think the summer will never end, and that the flowers will always be in bloom. Autumn isn't a time of things dying off, turning brown, and falling to the ground. It is the return of growth in the spring. From nature's perspective, fruit is the mechanism for planting new seeds.

The second stanza Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store? personification of spring Where is the AUTUMN ? suggests the abundance of crops, =>a barn or a grain silo filled with the most recent harvest. Who hasn't seen autumn hanging out by his or her (we're not sure yet) "store" of fruits, nuts, and other ripe things?

Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,  he's going to tell us how to find autumn now "abroad" means "widely" or "through the countryside" or "across the land," rather than "in a foreign country." the autumn may be every "granary" – buildings where large amounts of harvested grain are kept cool and dry – until you find autumn sitting on the floor of one of them Now that the grain has been harvested, autumn doesn't have a care in the world

Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind; autumn is a woman Tells us where the autumn is "to winnow" in farm-speak means to separate the grain (the edible part of the plant) from the chaff (its inedible covering) She sits on the granary, and her hair is lifted by a gentle wind The place where the grain and the chaff are separated is "threshing floor" – this is where autumn is hanging out.

Or on a half-reap'd furrow sound asleep,  Drowsed with the fume of poppies, while thy hook Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers: What if she's not on the threshing floor? Where do we find autumn? she might also be on the furrow of a field She's taking a nap because, she's earned one that autumn is basically drunk on the smell of the poppy flowers She lies on the furrow while the "hook," or sickle, that she uses to cut the flowers lies unused

And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep Steady thy laden head across a brook;  METAPHOR PEASANTS autumn => a "gleaner," someone who picks out the last stalks of grain that were missed during the threshing process Autumn puts her head down to cross over a brook, just as a gleaner bows his or her head to look for grains. Her head is "laden" or heavy

Or by a cider-press, with patient look, Thou watchest the last oozings, hours by hours. Autumn is starting to sound like a real slacker watching the fruit get squeezed into a thick, sugary juice. "Oozings" is definitely our favorite word in this poem. It captures the concentrated sweetness of the season. She has nothing to do, nowhere to be

The third stanza Spring might be great and all, but it doesn't stick around, so who needs it. Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?   Think not of them, thou hast thy music too, The final stanza begins with another rhetorical question pastoral tradition in poetry, in which shepherds typically "sing" in springtime, often while playing a lyre. "Where are your songs at, Spring? Huh? Bring it, if you got it. I can't hear you... Yeah, that's what I thought."

Description of the "song" of autumn=> metaphorical song, in that the scene begins with light and images. While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,   And touch the stubble-plains with rosy hue; The use of "bloom" is a direct challenge, again, to springtime The day is "dying" at sunset, but it's not a tragic or violent death. It's "soft" and gentle.

Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn   Among the river sallows, borne aloft Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;  The gnats by the riverside "mourn" the dying day like a choir at a funeral sunset as a life-or-death struggle for the light. Their movement appears to be coordinated with the light. Light gets brighter, gnats go up; light gets dimmer, gnats go down The sound of the gnats contributes to the song of autumn

And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;   Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft,  And gathering swallows twitter in the skies. more animal sounds, but those of a more conventional variety than the buzzing of gnats. like saying, "full-grown child." He seems to want to highlight the in-between stage between the glorious ripeness of youth and plain old adulthood. Crickets are "singing" known as "chirping." the redbreast robin is whistling in an enclosed garden, or "garden-croft." they "twitter" joyfully as the sun goes down.

THEMES

Theme of Man and the Natural World Interaction between human and plants The production of agriculture, a natural process that is controlled by people. The human perspective to include things that are not used or consumed by humans Some of the "wildness" and unpredictability of nature.

Man and natural world reflection of the nature in his literary works he is aware of this beauty

Theme of Time Autumn and spring, but not winter. At the peak of sunlight and ripeness in the first stanza, and by the third stanza the sun is setting. To forget about how each passing day seems a little shorter and chillier.

Time the growth the fruits by the influence of sunlight carries us into the spring and summer as if TIME were expanding. Winter represents the end of life Keats enjoys and accepts autumn or maturity as part of life though winter is coming.

Theme of Transformation Transformation between the growth of summer and the dormancy of winter Once the harvest is complete, there is nothing left to do but wait until the next season.

Fruits and gourds are swelling outward The harvest is already complete Only on one transformative event, the setting of the sun.

Theme of Mortality As a symbol in literature for old age, the time before death, symbolized by winter. Contributes to the song of mourning.

SYMBOLS

The figure of autumn Keats never uses "she" or "her" in this poem, We think that autumn is a woman, because when we look at line 15; “Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind” The word "winnowing" shows us because "to winnow" in farm-speak means to separate the grain from the chaff.

NATURE Keats not only uses nature as aspringboard from which to ponder, but he also discovers in nature symbols and metaphors for the spiritual and emotional states he seeks to describe Pastoral Like the ode, pastoral artworks are a staple of Ancient Greece, so it's natural that Keats paired the two together. -we can see pastoralism in lines 32-33; “The redbreast whistles from a garden-croft,  And gathering swallows twitter in the skies.”

Music and Musicians The season of fall, like spring, has songs to sing. Fall, the season of changing leaves and decay, is as worthy of poetry as spring, the season of flowers and rejuvenation. When we look at line 23-24; “Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?  Think not of them, thou hast thy music too” Keats alludes to the pastoral tradition in poetry, in which shepherds typically "sing" in springtime, often while playing a lyre. Even if summer has a song, so has autumn.

Spring and Summer The contrasts autumn with its competitors, spring and summer. Summer is great, but it has to end sometime, a fact that the bees don't seem to realize. When we look at lines 9-11; “And still more, later flowers for the bees,  Until they think warm days will never cease,  For summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.” Bees can't hide inside those flowers forever. "Clammy cells" implies a that compares the insides of the flowers to the small, damp cells of monks or even prisoners. The warmth of summer reaches all the way inside the flowers

Weight and Ripeness Autumn is season of harvest and abundance. He contrasts images of lightness and heaviness, of things falling and things flying. When we look at line 7 and 29; “To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells” The gourd is "swollen" with ripeness and the hazel nuts are "plump" with meat. “ Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies; ” The line contains a vivid image in which the gnats rise and fall in concert with the strength of the wind.

VALUES

NATURE Feminization of Autumn as celebration of Nature despite threat of Winter The transience of life Abundant in beauty and richness. IMAGINATION personified as young, careless, sensuous tired from her labour and lastly a patient watcher the tensions by transforming Autumn into a mediator easing transition between life and death.

SYMBOLISM Idea of accepting life's changes by using clear, direct symbolism using the progression of time and the many seasonal changes that occur during autumn early autumn when Keats writes ."..all fruit with ripeness to the core"

LANGUAGE USE

To Autumn; Is a thirty-three -line poem Consists of three parts Divided into three stanzas Each stanza contains eleven lines with the ryme schema

 SEASON of mists and mellow fruitfulness,  Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun;  Conspiring with him how to load and bless  With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;  To bend with apples the moss’d cottage-trees,  And fill all fruit with ripeness to the core;   To swell the gourd, and plump the hazel shells   With a sweet kernel; to set budding more,   And still more, later flowers for the bees,   Until they think warm days will never cease,   For Summer has o’er-brimm’d their clammy cells. A B C D E

A B C D E Who hath not seen thee oft amid thy store?   Sometimes whoever seeks abroad may find   Thee sitting careless on a granary floor,   Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind;   Or on a half-reap’d furrow sound asleep,   Drows’d with the fume of poppies, while thy hook   Spares the next swath and all its twined flowers:   And sometimes like a gleaner thou dost keep   Steady thy laden head across a brook;   Or by a cyder-press, with patient look,   Thou watchest the last oozings hours by hours.

Where are the songs of Spring. Ay, where are they Where are the songs of Spring? Ay, where are they?  Think not of them, thou hast thy music too,—  While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,    And touch the stubble plains with rosy hue;    Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn    Among the river sallows, borne aloft    Or sinking as the light wind lives or dies;    And full-grown lambs loud bleat from hilly bourn;     Hedge-crickets sing; and now with treble soft     The red-breast whistles from a garden-croft;      And gathering swallows twitter in the skies A B C D E

METAPHORS

Line 15 Thy hair soft-lifted by the winnowing wind; Autumn is a woman. Autumn's hair is like the light chaff Line 24 Think not of them, thou hast thy music too for the harmonies of the scenery. she has her own music

Line 25 and 27 “While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying day,  Then in a wailful choir the small gnats mourn”  the "dying" of daylight chorus that "wails" in mourning at the funeral. Line 11 “For summer has o'er-brimm'd their clammy cells.” compares the insides of the flowers to the small, damp cells of monks or even prisoners. The warmth of summer

IMPLEMENTATIONS IN THE CLASS

GUESSING AT MISSING INFORMATION JOHN KEATS John Keats was born on 31 October 1795  in central London although there is no clear evidence of the exact location. He was one of the key figures in the _______ generation of the ________ movement, despite the fact that his work had been in publication for only _____ years before his death. Keats's first surviving poem, An Imitation of Spenser, had been written in 1814, when Keats was 19. The poetry of Keats is characterized by sensual imagery, most notably in the series of _____. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and analyzed in English literature. Keats developed an interest in classics and history which would stay with him throughout his short life.  He suffered from ___________.  His _______ died of tuberculosis leaving the children in the custody of their grandmother. Keats died on 23 February 1821

STAR DIAGRAM agriculture plants fruits metaphors animals Granary Hook Furrow agriculture Poppy Gourd Apple plants fruits metaphors animals Winnowing wind Music Lamb Gnat

GETTING IN THE MOOD This is a guided fantasy. The teacher has students listen to the poem Then , ask them to write what they feel, see and so on after listening At the end of this, students are put into small groups Finally, each group member describes his or her feelings to others

WHICH IS BETTER? AUTUMN OR SPRING?

CONCLUSION

Keats talks about the process of life Autumn symbolises maturity in human and animal lives The ‘full-grown lambs’, the sorrow of the gnats, The wind that lives and dies, and the day that is dying and getting dark A part of the year that represents aging and death Death does not have a negative connotation Keats enjoys and accepts ‘autumn’ or maturity as part of life, though winter is coming.

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