 King Henry IV  Was a Huguenot, but converted to Catholicism for his country.  Edict of Nantes- Gave France freedom of religion  Improved the taxation system so that nobles paid more

 Longest reign in French history- 72 years  Believed in the “divine right of kings”  Absolute power  Followed by weak Kings  Drained the treasury by building Versailles  4 wars during his reign- for more land  The War of Spanish Succession

 Appointed by Louis XIV to promote economic development in France  He accomplished:  He reformed the tax system so the middle class was not paying the majority of the taxes  Supported an idea of Mercantilism  He increased the size of the army and the navy  Promoted colonization in America and Canada and Africa

 Ivan the Terrible  The first to be named Czar  Had absolute power  Ruthless leader  Built St. Basils Cathedral

 Also ruthless  Disguised himself as a citizen and traveled Europe looking for allies and learning western ways  Westernized Russia  French clothing  Women more rights  Men had to shave off their beards  Used some French in language

 Modernized the army  Built St. Petersburg and made it the capital  Complete control of the government  Increased serfdom, making nobles more powerful, by doing favors for him  Encouraged manufacturing and trade  War with Sweden- gives him a port in the Gulf of Finland  Wanted a port on the Baltic Sea because Russia was landlocked

 Had nobles kill her husband so she could be the sole leader  Supported the arts, literature, sciences etc…  Extended serfdom  Wide gap between the rich and the poor  Great foreign policy  War with the Ottoman Turks= Black Sea port  Added 200,000 square miles to Russia  Mongolia-fur  Siberia-natural resources  Colonized Alaska

 Maria Theresa  Pragmatic Sanction allowed Maria Theresa to take over Austria after her father, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died. Women were not allowed to take over as the ruler. She could not become an empress until she married.  Had a patchwork kingdom with different languages, religions and cultures. This caused many conflicts in Austria  It was difficult to rule

 Created a unified Prussia  Followed in Louis XIV’s footsteps and had a lavish court

 Ended the lavishness of Frederick I  Made Prussia stronger  Doubled the size of the army  Militaristic society  Effective government  Encouraged trade  Made Primary education mandatory (kindergarten)

 He was more into the arts and his father was afraid he would not be a good leader. Frederick II tried to escape Prussia with a friend and his father caught them and executed his friend.  Was a stronger ruler than his father  Expanded territory and the prestige of Prussia

 Almost all of Europe was involved.  It started in with a dispute between Frederick William I and Maria Theresa and Silesia ◦ War of Austrian Succession ◦ Diplomatic Revolution: France sides with Austria and Russia. Britain sides with Prussia  Prussia wins at Saxony but then worn down in Europe  Prussia on verge of collapse when Tsarina Elizabeth dies and appoints nephew Peter III to power  Peter III likes Frederick II so stops

 In America an extension of the war continued ◦ French and Indian War-Washington’s mistake  Tanacharison at Jumonville  Treaty of Paris 1763 ends it ◦ Silesia is given to Prussia ◦ Britain gains French claims in Canada and Ohio River Valley

 Because: ◦ Treasuries were drained ◦ Death – loss of population ◦ Countries had to rebuild their infrastructures and militaries

 King Henry VII  King Henry VIII  Edward VI- 6 years  Mary I ◦ Wanted to return England to the Catholic faith ◦ Married King Phillip II of Spain ◦ Ruthless ◦ Burned at least 300 people at the stake for not converting to Catholicism ◦ “Bloody Mary”

 Became Queen after Mary I dies ◦ Strengthens Protestantism  Non Anglicans had to pay fines to practice other religions ◦ Executed Mary Queen of Scots for plotting with Spain to kill Elizabeth ◦ Defeats the Spanish Armada-1588 ◦ Managed Parliament skillfully ◦ Freedom of Speech ◦ Never married and had no heir when she died

 Protestant  A Stuart and not a Tudor  Lacked common sense in financial matters and diplomacy  The “wisest fool in Christendom”  Believed in the “divine right of Kings”  Alliance with Spain broke down and they went to war  Had no luck working with the Parliament  So he sold titles to nobles  Granted rights to nobles  Raised trade duties  All for money

 Charles I becomes king  England has a revolution  Will be continued…