Identifying, Naming, and Classifying Species

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Identifying, Naming, and Classifying Species

Taxonomy the branch of biology that identifies, names, and classifies species (alive and extinct) Callicebus caquetensis, a species of titi monkey, was discovered in the Colombian Amazon. (AP, 2010)

How do we identify and name a species? Species: a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring This is the most recognized def’n of a species Does this definition fit all organisms? Callicebus caquetensis, a species of titi monkey, was discovered in the Colombian Amazon. (AP, 2010)

Species Concepts No one def’n fits everything, so we identify species based on three different species concepts (or definitions for a species) Biological species concept Morphological species concept focuses on morphology – compares body shape, size, and other structural features Morphology = branch of biology that deals with structure or form of organisms Juvenile/Adult Koran Semicircule Angle fish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) Males can differ from females juvenile change appearance as they grow or age pop’n of same species can vary in different locations and exhibit striking differences

Species Concepts 3. Phylogenetic species concept examines the phylogeny, or evolutionary history, of organisms Phylogeny = the evolutionary history of a species - need to obtain genetic material from specimens and use DNA sequencing techniques - this is a powerful tool, but not always practical or possible to obtain a sample Juvenile/Adult Koran Semicircule Angle fish (Pomacanthus semicirculatus) Males can differ from females juvenile change appearance as they grow or age pop’n of same species can vary in different locations and exhibit striking differences

The ‘father’ of taxonomy Carl Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) – a Swedish naturalist and botanist Developed the first consistent classification system Established a latin naming system which gave each species a unique two part name

Binomial Nomenclature (two part naming system) The first name is the genus name Genus = taxonomic level consisting of a group of closely related species Genus is Capitalized and in italics The second name is the species name (specific name) Species name identifies the particular species Species is lower case and in italics E.g. Homo sapiens

Binomial Nomenclature Ursus americanus Ursus maritimus Phascolarctos cinereus

Classification in Biology Biological classification = the systematic grouping of organisms into categories on the basis of defined criteria e.g. Grouping of organisms into trophic levels

Linneaus’ Classification System Based on a hierarchical classification that has seven main levels or taxa Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species general Taxa = category used to classify organisms specific

Taxon (taxa plural) = a named group of organisms such as phylum Chordata or order Rodentia Rank = a level in a classification scheme, such as phylum or order

A Closer Look at the Kingdoms one of the disputes among taxonomists involve the number of Kingdoms In this course we will use the six Kingdom system: Bacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plants Animals

Dichotomous Keys a series of branching “either / or” choices designed to classify specimens

A sample Dichotomous Key