National Workshop on Urban Air Quality and Integrated Traffic Management Karachi, September 13-14, 2006

Environmental Degradation - about 6% GDP: Share by Cause (Rp. bn per year)

Income and Infant Mortality

PM10 in Pakistan’s Cities: 48-hour averages – SUPARCO 2003/2004

PM10 in other Cities - Annual averages

PM10 in Dhaka: 24-hour averages – AQMP 2002

Sources of PM F vehicular emissions F industrial emissions F burning of solid waste F natural dust

The Environmental “Production Function”

Partnerships for Clean Air F Pakistan EPA setting air quality and emissions standards F provincial environmental authorities responsible for implementation of these standards delegated F integration of air quality management with urban planning by municipal authorities F policies for clean air in the industry, energy, fuel and transportation sectors.

Updating the Regulatory Framework F Health-Based Air Quality Standards: –required as a basis for emission control strategies –specifying limits for key pollutants and monitoring methods –costs and likelihood of achievement informing the standard-setting process. F Vehicle Emission and Fuel Quality Standards: –updated Vehicle Emission Standards for new registration and in-service vehicles –linked to standards for fuel quality, especially lower sulphur diesel and alternate fuels

Technical Capacity for Air Quality Management F technical staff required for air quality monitoring, inspection and analysis of information F International experience suggests using private or academic institutions through out-sourcing some tasks.

Public Information to Support Clean Air F Publish a daily Air Quality Index in major cities –will build support for air quality improvement initiatives –will enable the issuance of health alarms when necessary.