1. Urban Redevelopment and Air Quality in Fushun, PRC Simon Eggleston EU-China Liaoning Integrated Environmental Programme

2. Acknowledgements  This study has only been possible with the detailed work by the team in Fushun and the support of the Environmental Protection Bureaux and Environmental Monitoring Centres of Liaoning and Fushun

3. LIEP Air Quality Management  Part of Liaoning Integrated Environmental Programme  This part of project aims to identify cost effective air pollution control strategies for Fushun  Also providing equipment and training

4. Fushun Fushun Beijing

5. Fushun  In NE China, Liaoning Province  Old coal mining & industrial city –  large open-case mines,  Three refineries  Two large steel works  Two large cement works  Aluminium plant  …

6. Fushun 2000 - 2010 Population Modelled Urban Area Population Fushun City GDP million RMB 20001,380,2002,343,00023,220 20051,498,9002,354,70038,000 20101,548,0302,355,70046,000

7. Fushun Growth – Coal Use 200020052010 Power Stations & District Heating 4.755.506.00 Industrial1.671.501.00 Domestic0.500.200.10 Total6.927.207.10

8. Fushun TSP (mg/m3)

9. Air Quality Aims  “To achieve the class 2 standard everywhere people live”  “To achieve this improvement in a cost- effective way”

10. Health Impacts – Estimated Cases Cases in 2000Cases in 2005 if pollution unchanged Respiratory hospital admissions325353 Asthma51,50055,800 Acute upper respiratory inflammation 40,80044,100 Acute lower respiratory inflammation 55,00059,500 Bronchitis50,50054,600 Emphysema5,0505,460 Mortality (based on lost life years)2,0402,210

11. Institutional Arrangements for Environmental Regulation and Administration

12. Planning  Fushun government has 35 departments  Each produce a 10 th five year plan  Many of these can have impacts on air quality  Environmental Protection Bureau  These are not well coordinated

13. Some Offices Involved in Air Quality Management  Environmental Monitoring Centre  Fushun General Gas Company  Fushun Heating Company  Fushun Commodity Price Bureau  Fushun New Style Wall Material Energy Saving Office  Fushun Boiler Inspection Bureau  Power Companies  Planning Bureau  Financial Bureau  Fushun Mineral Affairs Bureau  Municipal Technical Supervisory Bureau

14. Sources of PM 10 in Fushun

15. Remote Sources  From rural area outside city, neighbouring cities and other provinces  Implies need for coordination with other municipalities and also at a provincial level  The provincial EPB has started a project looking at the central city group air quality.

16. PM 10 – Sources & Impact % of Emissions % of Concentrations Large Point Sources4315 Small Heating Sources (<20m)19 Small Production (<20m)26 Road Traffic10 Road Dust3219 Other Fugitive Dust Emissions2113 Remote Sources of PM 10 39

17. PM 10 – Fushun EU Standard Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Over Class 3 Appartments Industrial Singlestory

18. Cases  Base Case  Population growth & urban redevelopment  Pollution Abatement  Base case plus range of pollution abatement measures  Energy Efficiency  Pollution Abatement plus energy efficiency programme

19. Urban Redevelopment  Single-story Housing replaced by apartments, 2.39 km 2 by 2005 at a cost of 1.34 billion RMB.  District heating plant extended – small heating boilers replaced, an additional 17.1 million m 2 heated – 120 million RMB  Landscaping, tree planting, green belt, parks and river improvements, 456.1 million RMB by 2005

20. Urban Redevelopment  Clearly this is not being done for air quality management alone  Work aims at improving living conditions, overall environment and encouraging investment.  Work has been planned without air quality input but will provide significant air quality improvements

21. Costs of Air Pollution – 2005 (million RMB) 20002005 population 2000 pollution 2005 – Baseline 2005 – Baseline + PA 2005 – Baseline + PA + EC Fugitive sources 798656.4 Local Sources 11412298.976.767.4 Remote130141 Total322348296274265 % change from 2000 8-8-15-18 % change from 2000 – under local control 8-19-31-36 PA – Pollution Abatement Measures, EC – Energy Conservation Measures

22. Data Collection  First we need to understand the changes that are taking place – the urban redevelopment  Population is increasing, urban redevelopment plans, 10 th 5 year plan, industrial changes

23. Fushun PM 10 2000 Situation

24. Fushun PM 10 2005 with impact of increased population and urban redevelopment

25. Fushun PM 10 2000 urban redevelopment + Pollution Abatement

26. Fushun PM 10 2005 Base case + Pollution Abatement + Energy Efficiency

27. Conclusions  Only widespread co-operation and information exchange can lead to an understanding of the current trends in air quality and its impacts  The significance of the contributions from outside the city mean that networks of cooperation and information exchange need to be extended outside the city on a provincial and national level

28. Conclusions (2)  Urban redevelopment and energy conservation can lead to large, cost- effective reductions in air pollution and its impacts, however their control is outside the environmental organisations and so they need to develop the expertise, reputation and authority to inform these developments

29. Conclusions (3)  Some pollution problems can only be solved by pollution abatement measures. These need to be examined to ensure that money and resources are used effectively with actions selected to reduce the impacts of air pollution, not just emissions.