Citing Sources and Plagiarism (Chapter 22, Step 4, 6) Western Compostion Citing Sources and Plagiarism (Chapter 22, Step 4, 6)

Todays Objectives Learn how to properly cite sources within your paper Learn about the concept of plagiarism

Format The model paper on page 396 shows proper formats for a research paper, including MLA style. Format is extremely important for this assignment. If you do not use the proper format, you will have points taken off of your research paper.

DOCUMENTATION You must acknowledge your sources using internal documentation. What is internal documentation? Mark the exact place in your paper where you have “used” a source & provide a parenthetical citation. What is a parenthetical citation? referring to the works of others within your text. This involves placing relevant source information in parentheses after a quote or a paraphrase. Provide bibliographical (a list of the works of a specific author or publisher) information for your reader to locate this same source on a works cited page.

What do you not need to document? Common knowledge: information that most high school educated people know. Your own ideas. Lack credibility.

Why Use MLA Format? Allows readers to cross- reference your sources easily Provides consistent format within a discipline Gives you credibility as a writer Protects yourself from plagiarism

Types of In-text Citations In-text citations can come in two main forms: 1. Author named within the quote: At one point, Cofer writes, “Growing up in a large urban center…I suffered from what I think of as cultural schizophrenia” (175). 2. Author not named within the quote: “On the other side, many Americans expressed surprise at the frequency with which French people spoke about money” (Carroll 313). There are many varieties of citations, but these refer to how the information and the author is presented while using the source information in the paper. It is also important to stress that not all the citations should be done one way. That would look to formulaic and the teacher will probably not see it as good writing. It will be a good idea to vary the formats a little. *As you can see, both styles of citations include the author’s last name and the page number. 7

What must be documented? Information that you gain through a secondary source and use as support in your paper in the form of: Quotes Paraphrases

When to Paraphrase or Summarize You must still acknowledge your source if you… Paraphrase: Put someone else’s ideas into your own words Summarize: Condense someone else’s words or ideas

QUOTATIONS Direct quotes use the exact words of a source; the words are set off in quotation marks. Use quotations from authorities on your subject to support what you say. Authorities bring credibility to your argument. Never force a quote to fit your material.

QUOTATIONS Use quotations as evidence for your own argument; do not simply recopy all of someone else’s argument. Use direct quotes sparingly; paraphrase information in your own words when possible. Use quotations that are self-explanatory. Use only the parts you need. When in doubt, always give credit My mother always said, “Make your bed” (Mom 12).

GUIDELINES FOR USING QUOTATIONS Always use your own words to introduce a source. Quotations must fit smoothly with your own grammar, style, and logic. Quotations must be punctuated correctly! Citing the author’s name and title of the work as you introduce the quotation helps create a context for the quotation. Referring to the author’s credentials as part of the introduction to the quotation gives additional authority to your argument.

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM? Presenting another person’s ideas or words as if they were your own. Submitting as your work a paper that you did not write. Deliberately incorporating the work of other people into your own writing without using documentation to credit those sources. Being unaware of what information to document and how to do so correctly.

QUOTATIONS How Do I Avoid Plagiarism? You must document to credit your source. You must quote accurately. Copy your source exactly. Use brackets [ ] if you need to add a word so that the quotation fits grammatically into your essay. Use ellipses . . . to delete a portion of a very long quotation. Make sure the remaining words still accurately reflect the original meaning and do not create awkward sentence structure. Ellipses are used to indicate an omission or suppression of letters or words. The best way to avoid plagiarism is to learn how to use a citation style (like MLA) and then apply it consistently in all your work. If not, you may fail the assignment or course.

When does plagiarism occur? Plagiarism occurs when any such information is taken from any source or person and-- intentionally or unintentionally--presented or "borrowed" without mention of the source. Plagiarism also occurs when materials from cited sources are reproduced exactly or nearly exactly but are not put in quotation marks. This continues the discussion of what plagiarism is, and it may be slightly repetitive. However, it needs to be reinforced that plagiarism can occur even if the action was done accidentally and not intentionally. Therefore, it is important to be very careful with how one uses sources. 15

INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION If the author’s name is mentioned in the attribution, it does not need to be repeated in the parenthetical citation; in this case, only list the page number. L. A. Police Chief Matt Sundeen notes that drivers with cell phones place an estimated 98,000 emergency calls each day and that the phones “often reduce emergency response times and actually save lives” (1).

INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION If the author’s last name is not mentioned in the attribution, then it must be included in the parenthetical citation. According to the L. A. Chief of Police, drivers with cell phones place an estimated 98,000 emergency calls each day and the phones “often reduce emergency response times and actually save lives” (Sundeen 1).

INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION If the source has no author, then the default is to credit the title of the article in the attribution or parenthetical citation. According to the article “Gun Control Laws,” many people support the plan to limit the number of guns a person can own (12). An article in Newsweek reveals that many people support the plan to limit the number of guns a person can own (“Gun Control Laws” 12).

INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION For any type of citation, you must use the following MLA rules: Do not use the word page or the abbreviation p. or pp. Do not place a comma between the last name & page #. If using article title, title must be enclosed in quotation marks. Place the sentence period after the closing parenthesis. If a quotation ends the sentence, insert the closing quotation marks before the parentheses.

INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION Your in-text citations must correspond exactly with the list of sources on your Works Cited page. For each source cited in your paper, you must have a matching entry on the Works Cited page. For each entry on the Works Cited page, you must have a matching citation in the paper.

INTERNAL DOCUMENTATION Your Works Cited page will be a separate page at the end of your paper that lists alphabetically all of the sources that you cite. The Works Cited page must be in MLA Format and must follow a set of specific guidelines.

Works Cited Page At the end of your paper, list all of the sources you used in a Works Cited page.

Now for some practice! Before proceeding, it would be useful to ask if there are any questions. That way they can feel a little more confident when answering the following four questions. 23

Which of the following examples is a correctly formatted citation for a one author book, where the quoted material comes from page 75? (Jones, 75) (Jones, p.75) The answer to this one is (Jones 75). Hopefully, they will recognize that MLA is very simple and “clean.” It rarely uses commas in in-text citations, so this should be easy to learn. (Jones 75) (Jones page 75) 24

Correct! (Jones 75) In text citations for one author books only contain the author’s last name and the page number. You should not put a comma, “p.” or “page.” If they got this one correct on the first try, then they have learned the simplicity of in-text citations and that is a great start. Congratulate them before moving on. 25

Which of the following examples is a correctly formatted citation for a two author book, where the quoted material starts on page 84 and ends on page 86? (Garica and Lo, 84-86) (Garica and Lo 84-86) Although this example was not expressly covered in the presentation, this should help them start developing their critical thinking aspects of how to use what they know and apply it to a new situation. (Garica & Lo 84-86) (Garica & Lo 84 to 86) 26

Correct!  (Garica and Lo 84-86) In text citations for two author books contain the authors’ last names separated by “and”, and the page number. When there is a range of pages, you put the starting page, a dash, and then the ending page. It would be wonderful if they got it on the first try. If they did, tell them they are on their way to becoming citation “experts.” 27

The example below is what kind of a bibliographic citation? Erickson, Leif. “How I discovered America.” Journal of Viking Studies 24 (1991): 25-42. Periodical Book with one author This question is testing whether they remember that journals are a type of periodical. Webpage Newspaper 28

Correct!  Periodical Bibliographic citations that have “” quotation marks, automatically should tell you that it is a selection in another publication. Therefore, these types of citations are either journal, magazine, or newspaper articles (all periodicals). Once they get it correct, you have the opportunity to reinforce that the idea that articles go in quotation marks, while the publication in which they come are underlined. That is true for every type of periodical. 29

In the following citation, what part of it is incorrect? Holland, Merlin, and Miller, John. The Big Book of Stories. Chicago: Altamira Press, 2000. City 2nd Author’s Name This particular question is trying to assess whether they understood that the names of additional authors (other than the first) always are presented in “normal” order. Publisher 1st Author’s Name 30

Correct!  2nd Author’s Name Bibliographic citations list the first author’s name “last name” first and “first name” last, but all other authors are listed “first name” first and “last name” last. If they got all four correctly on the first try, then they really were paying attention to the presentation and you do not have to worry too much about how they will do on their own. 31

Website with Author Author: Brian McBride Title of Host Website: Comic Book Database Website Sponsor: Comic Book Database, Ltd. Copyright Date: 2007 Access Date: January 19th, 2010 URL: <http://www.cmdb.com/> Mode: Web Parenthetical Citation: You featured a quote from this website; what does the internal citation look like?

Website with Author McBride, Brian. Comic Book Database. Comic Book Database, Ltd. 2007. Web. 19 Jan. 2010 <http://www.cmdb.com/>. Parenthetical Citation: (McBride).

Website no Author Article Title: "Surviving the Dust Bowl" Title of Host Website: American Enterprise Website Sponsor: Public Broadcasting System, Inc. Copyright Date: 2000 Access Date: February 7th, 2010 URL: <http://www.pbs.com/> Mode: Web Create a Parenthetical Citation

"Surviving the Dust Bowl. " American Enterprise "Surviving the Dust Bowl." American Enterprise. Public Broadcasting System, Inc. 2000. Web. 7 Feb. 2010 <http://www.pbs.com/>. Parenthetical Citation: ("Surviving").

Book with one author: Author: Mike Conroy Title: 500 Comic Book Villians City: Hauppage Publisher: Barron's Pub. Date: 2004 Mode: Print Parenthetical Citation: The quote you featured was on page 47; what does the internal citation look like?

ANSWER Book with one author: Conroy, Mike. 500 Comic Book Villians. Hauppage: Barron's, 2004. Print. Parenthetical Citation: (Conroy 47). Easily make this citation go from a book with an author to a book with an editor: Conroy, Mike, ed. 500 Comic Book Villians. Hauppage: Barron's, 2004. Print.

USEFUL RESOURCES Sample MLA Research Papers:http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/ Online MLA Practice Exercises (Plagiarism, In-text Citations, Works Cited Entries)http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/writersref6e/Player/Pages/Main. aspx Citation Generators: www.EasyBib.com or http://citationmachine.net

Take out your resources. Take this time to find sentences/quotes or other things that you would like to paraphrase from the articles you brought to class with you today. You are not handing this in today; you will use this in the future. If you haven't already, start prewriting. When needed, add your parenthetical citations within your writings. This is still prewriting. You do not want to wait until the last minute to do this work.

Homework Bring in all of your article sources that you have researched on the internet (you can leave books at home) Research Essays are due by June 10th Speeches begin in 3 weeks. Blog Entry: Anything you want... Literally, I want you to choose your own blog topic this week. It should be at LEAST 10 sentences if not more. It can be about anything you want... no limits. You can give it any title you want. Make it interesting, and have fun with it!