Photosynthesis Quiz 1.The protons/hydrogen ions go from ________ to ________ when the electron goes through the electron transport chain. 2.Name the protein in the thylakoid membrane that makes ATP when protons go through it. 3.Why do protons go through the above protein during the light reactions? 4.Where do ATP and NADPH go after the light reactions? 5.What molecules enter the Calvin cycle?

Photosynthesis Quiz 6. What molecules are produced in the Calvin cycle? 7. What do CAM plants do to conserve water, but still be able to go through photosynthesis? 8. On the board 9. On the board 10. On the board

Cellular Respiration Chapter 8

Fig. 8-2b, p. 124 Glycolysis converts 1 glucose into 2 pyruvate Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration 2 ATP/ glucose 36 ATP/ glucose

Aerobic Respiration  3 Stages 1. Glycolysis 2. Acetyl-CoA formation and Krebs cycle 3. Electron transfer phosphorylation/chain (ATP formation)

glucose ATP 2 ATP ATP Glycolysis 4 ATP (2 net) 2 NADH 2 pyruvate Cytoplasm ATP Electron Transfer Phosphorylation 32 ATP oxygen Fig. 8-3a, p. 125 Mitochondrion Krebs Cycle 6 CO 2 2 ATP ATP 8 NADH, 2 FADH 2 Stepped Art Aerobic Respiration

Glycolysis Summary

Acetyl–CoA Formation A An enzyme splits a pyruvate molecule into a two-carbon acetyl group and CO 2. Coenzyme A binds the acetyl group (forming acetyl–CoA). NAD + combines with released hydrogen ions and electrons, forming NADH. NADH pyruvate CO 2 NAD + coenzyme A acetyl–CoA Fig. 8-6, p. 129 B The Krebs cycle starts as one carbon atom is transferred from acetyl– CoA to oxaloacetate. Citrate forms, and coenzyme A is regenerated. oxaloacetate coenzyme A citrate Krebs Cycle FADH 2 F The coenzyme FAD com- bines with hydrogen ions and electrons, forming FADH 2. FAD NADH G NAD + combines with hydrogen ions and electrons, forming NADH. NAD + C A carbon atom is removed from an intermediate and leaves the cell as CO 2. NAD + combines with released hydrogen ions and electrons, forming NADH. NADH CO 2 NAD + Pyruvate’s three carbon atoms have now exited the cell, in CO 2. D A carbon atom is removed from another intermediate and leaves the cell as CO 2, and another NADH forms. NADH CO 2 NAD + ATP E One ATP forms by substrate-level phosphorylation. ADP + P i H The final steps of the Krebs cycle regenerate oxaloacetate. Stepped Art

Electron Transfer Phosphorylation

Summary: Aerobic Respiration

Alcoholic Fermentation

The Twitchers  Slow-twitch muscle fibers (“red” muscles) make ATP by aerobic respiration Have many mitochondria Dominate in prolonged activity  Fast-twitch muscle fibers (“white” muscles) make ATP by lactate fermentation Have few mitochondria and no myoglobin Sustain short bursts of activity

Sprinters and Lactate Fermentation

The Fate of Glucose at Mealtime and Between Meals  When blood glucose concentration rises, the pancreas increases insulin secretion Cells take up glucose faster, more ATP is formed, glycogen and fatty-acid production increases  When blood glucose concentration falls, the pancreas increases glucagon secretion Stored glycogen is converted to glucose

Links Between Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration