Africa Chapters 8 and 20

 Demographic transition  Caliph  Matrilineal  Sharia  Jihad  Maghrib  Islamization  Timbuktu Terms

 Usuman Dan Fodio (Uthman or Usman)  Led a jihad to establish a Muslim state, Fulani Empire  Now in N Nigeria  Shaka  Ruler in SE Africa. Developed military tactics that creates Zulu state  Zulu Wars (1879)  Between British and Zulu tribes  British victory  Asante  Akan State centered at Kumasi on the Gold Coast (Ghana)  Difference between polygamy and polygyny? Chap 20

 Triangular Trade  Complex commercial system linking Africa, the Americas and Europe  Middle Passage  Slave voyage from Africa to Americas  Royal African Co (1660’s)  British co controlled slave trade in New world colonies  Indies piece  Unit in the exchange system of the west African trade  Value of an adult male slave  William Wilberforce  British reformer/abolitionist  Helped end British slave trade in 1807 Chap 20

 Stateless vs secret societies  Stateless  Organized around kinship but lacking concentration of political power  No full time gov rule was by families or the community  Secret societies (in the forests)  Controlled customs and beliefs  Could limit the power of the ruler  Members more loyal to group than their lineage  Disputes often settled by allowing person to leave and build another city  Problems  Hard to organize trade, have building projects, prepare for war Chap 8 Questions

 Language  Bantu  Migration provides a common linguistic base  Religion  Animistic  Natural forces personified as gods (creator deity)  Deceased relatives are a link to spirit world  Well developed concepts of good and evil  Islam expands to India and SE Asia opening trade  Areas unaffected by C or I develop w/out writing  Economy  N Africa had ties to world trade (Mediterranean and Arab)  Sub-Saharan  Settled agriculture and ironworking  Regional trade (mostly handled by professional merchants)  Muslim migration changes this  Overall raw goods are traded for manufactured goods African Societies

 Ghana  Mali  Songhay (Songhai) Major Western Sudan Kingdoms

 All are around/near the Niger River  WHY?  Gold and salt  Tax the imports and exports  Gold in the south (Gold coast)  Salt in the Sahara  Why is salt important? Kingdoms

 Wagadugu (Actual name)   Know about them from Muslim traders  Extremely rich  Gold, Ivory, salt  Eventually involved in Trans-Saharan trade  Berbers (Almoravids)  Invade and in 1076 massive decline  1240 absorbed into Mali Empire Ghana

  Founded by Sundiata  Extremely wealthy  Mansa Musa  Timbuktu (important trade and learning) and Jenne (Djenne)  Important port cities  Know a lot because of Ibn Battuta  Muslims build mosques and universities  Spread language, laws and customs in West Africa Mali

  Gao (Capital)  Was captured by Mali (dominated early on)  Timbuktu and Djenne (Jenne) important cities  One of largest Muslim and African empires ever  Same as Mali based around same ethnic groups but conquer subordinate communities  Downfall  Moroccan Muslim army equipped with guns Songhay (Songhai)

 Berbers  Pre-Arab people of N Africa  Muslims push west from Egypt  Cross into Spain  Almoravids (reforming Muslim Berbers)  Eventually the Almohadis succeeded them  Islam was popular  1. Equality among believers  2. Unity of political and religious worlds (rulers like)  Social disparities continue Spread of Islam

 Prior to Islam  Christian states were located in North Africa  Egyptian Christians (Copts)  Copts spread into Nubia (Kush)  Eventually conquered  Ethiopia continued cut off from other Christian communites Christian kingdoms

 Begins with Portuguese in 1400’s  Estab factories (forts)  Most important, El Mina, received gold  Africans agreed to the trade  Between 1450 and 1850  12 million slaves shipped (80% after 1760)  1700’s are the heights of the trade  40% went to Brazil  1/3 rd died on the way to the slave ships  18% died during the Middle Passage African Slave trade origins

 Slavery existed before Europeans or Muslims (they increased it)  Used to increase a person’s status and wealth  Trans-Saharan trade  Red Sea trade  East African trade  3 million involved  Controlled by Muslims (spread the idea of slavery)  Mostly women for domestic employment and sex  Slavery was seen as a transition from pagan to Islam  African societies used slavery for plantations (East Africa) Overall the slave trade had major effects on West Africa ½ of the population it would have had Only Southern Africa is barely affected by slavery Slavery in Africa

 Major slave trading states  Received guns (power)  Coastal areas became very powerful  Asante (Ashanti)  ’s (start to decline)  Modern day Ghana (W Africa)  Dahomey (emerged in 1600’s)  Slave trade made them very powerful (20% of slave trade)  Modern day Benin  Slave trade hurt creative processes that other African societies had Asante and Dahomey

 Portuguese controlled until about 1630  1441 brought 1 st slaves to Portugal  Sugar plantations cause a marked increase in the trade  Dutch take over after they seize El Mina  English soon follow (need for plantation colonies)  French get involved in the 1700’s  High mortality rates caused an increase in the trade  Profitable business but not much more than other trade  English in late 1700’s profits were about 5-10%  Slaves quickly become part of the Colombian Exchange  Slavery was difficult anywhere it existed  Uncooperative, rebellions, running away all took a toll Slave trade