Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Global area planted with GM crops Today: more Biotech Th 3/26 Exam #2

Inserting a gene into a bacterial plasmid RT and/or PCR Fig 18.1

Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Bacteria can be used to transform plants Global area planted with GM crops

Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their plasmid DNA into the plants genome. Fig 19.15b

Fig Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting their plasmid DNA into the plants genome.

By replacing the gall forming genes with other DNA when the Agrobacterium infect a plant, it will insert that DNA into the plant. Fig 19.16

The generation of a transgenic plant Grown on herbicide

How do you know whether the gene you want to express has the correct sequence? DNA sequencing

The structure of 2 ’,3 ’ -dideoxynucleotides Fig 18.14

Fig The dideoxy sequencing method

Fig The dideoxy sequencing method

Gel produced by the dideoxy sequencing method

Fig Computerized sequencers use a similar method

Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA Fig 18.2

…now enjoy making Frakencritters.

Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Is this a good idea? Global area planted with GM crops

Human resource production and use Worldwide Grain Production per Person

Land use in USA, 1997

Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial Artificial Selection (breeding)

Modern cows were bred from earlier bovine species.

from TeosinteMaize By artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago.

Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial selection.

Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds Brussels sprouts: extremely large side buds Artificial selection Number of Individuals Size of buds (cm) Select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 2. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 3. Of the offspring, select individuals that have the largest side buds and breed them. 4. After several generations, bud size increases dramatically.

Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial increased technology and understanding of molecular biology

Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA Fig 18.1

The agricultural release of genetically modified organisms is the largest scale experiment that has ever been performed.

Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Global area planted with GM crops

Why Change a Plant’s DNA? Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics –Produce needed protein –Insect resistance (Bt toxin) –Herbicide resistance (Round-up) –Drought or other stress resistance Tbl 19.5

% of Total US Acres Common GM Crops in the U.S. ce/2007/09/mon santo-is- hap.html

Herbicide Tolerance; Insect Resistance; Viral Resistance Types of Genetically Modified Crops

% of Total US Acres Common GM Crops in the U.S. ce/2007/09/mon santo-is- hap.html

Millions of Hectares Texas = 70 ha Is changing an organsisms DNA a good idea?

Is Changing an Organism’s DNA a Good or Bad Idea? Genes flow within species and between species. Are GM foods safe for the environment? Are GM foods profitable for: –Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?

Human impacts: Dead zone in Gulf of Mexico from Mississippi River es- picayune/2007/06/despit e_promises_to_fix_it_th e.html

Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.

GM crops illegal GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states Genetic information moves.

GM crops illegal GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating.

Many Questions, but Few Answers? Are herbicide or insect resistant plants safe to eat? Are GM foods safe for the environment? Are GM foods profitable for: –Consumers, Farmers, and Companies?