1. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise?
Evolution…
Does it occur?
How does it
occur?

2. Information flow in cells
CB 5.25
Information flow in cells
Protein

3. The relationship between DNA and genes
a gene - DNA used to produce RNA or protein
promoter
coding region
terminator
non-gene
DNA

4. Genes are the parts of DNA that contain information.
CB 5.25
Genes are the parts of DNA that contain information.
Protein

5. Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.
CB 17.4
Combinations of 3 nucleotides code for each 1 amino acid in a protein.

6. For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.
CB 13.5
For life to exist, the information (genes) must be passed on.
1. Genes act as units of heredity
5. Genes are replicators (selfish gene)

7. As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.
CB 13.5
As organisms reproduce the DNA is passed on to the next generations.

8. Mitosis

9. Chains of DNA can store information:

10. Complementary base pairs suggest how DNA replication occurs

11. When DNA is replicated, mutations can occur.

12. CB 13.5
DNA must be replicated before it can be passed on. How it is passed on and how it gets modified impacts evolution.

13. Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia
CB 17.23
Mutations: Sickle-cell anemia

14. CB 5.21
Differences in amino acid sequence lead to differences in 3-D shape and different functionalities

15. Correlation of malaria and sickle-cell anemia
CB 23.10

16. How do individuals and groups with different genes arise?
Evolution…
Does it occur?
How does it
occur?

17. Does evolution occur?

18. As DNA changes;
traits change.
Protein

19. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce.

20. Evolution: A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce. These changes are based on how the DNA changes and who reproduces.

21. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O

22. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Apply
antibiotic X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

23. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Apply
antibiotic
Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O X X X X O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant.

24. Evolution: changes in DNA as information transmitted
Bacteria with mutation causing resistance O O O O O O O O
Apply
antibiotic
Continues to replicate O X X X O O O X X X O O O O O O O X X X X O O O O O O O O
Kills most bacteria.
Except if some have mutation that allow them to be resistant. O O O O
Population of resistant bacteria

25. Reproductive success = evolutionary success

26. Natural Selection:
Individuals that are most successful at reproducing will pass on more of their genetic information.

27. Individuals are selected…
But populations evolve via changes in DNA during reproduction.

28. A population that can produce fertile offspring
Who evolves?…Species.
A. leucurus
A. harrisi
A population that can produce fertile offspring
A population that does reproduce
**A population sharing genetic information**
CB 24.6

29. X
Horse
Donkey =
Mule

30. X
Horse
Donkey
So…horses and donkeys are not the same species. =
Mule
(sterile)

31. A population that can produce fertile offspring
Who evolves?…Species.
A. leucurus
A. harrisi
A population that can produce fertile offspring
A population that does reproduce
**A population sharing genetic information**
CB 24.6

32. Reproductive success = Evolutionary success

33. Reproductive success = Evolutionary success

34. Evolution:
A species’ genetic component changes as the individuals reproduce

35. For natural selection to take place the following conditions must be met…
Not all individuals can reproduce
Genetic diversity gives rise to individuals with different traits

36. Genetic diversity is needed for natural selection to occur.
CB 23.12
Reproduction/
Selection

37. Artificial Selection

38. from Teosinte Maize By artificial selection that
began ~10,000 years ago.

39. Different foods from one species of plant. Created by artificial
selection.
CB 22.10

40. Wild member of Brassica oleracea: small side buds
Artificial selection
Number of Individuals
Size of buds (cm) 1 2 3
1. Select individuals
that have the largest
side buds and breed them.
2. Of the offspring,
select individuals that
have the largest side
buds and breed them.
3. Of the offspring,
4. After several
generations, bud size
increases dramatically.
Figure: 1.3a
Caption:
(a) This plant is a wild member of the mustard family. It is the progenitor of broccoli, Brussels sprouts, and other domesticated plants.
Brussels sprouts:
extremely large side buds

41. DNA is passed from generation to generation, and therefore can tell us about relationships between species.

42. How are we related to our ancestors, and where did we come from?

43. How old am I?
CB 34.43

44. 1.7 million-year-old
human ancestor
CB 34.43

45. More than 10,000 years ago:
Hunter-Gatherer

46. ~10,000 to 200 years ago:
Farming-Ranching

47. Last 200 years: Industrialization

48. Agricultural
Hunter-
Gatherer
Industrial

49. The earth is covered in humans. How did this occur?