Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 8- 1 The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective Chapter 8.

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Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective Chapter 8

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Sociological Theories Crime is a result of an individual’s location within the structure of society. Crime is the end product of various social processes, especially inappropriate socialization and social learning.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc The Social Structure Perspective Crime is explained by reference to the institutional structure of society. ► The offender is a product of his social environment. ► Criminality is acquired behaviour.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Ecological Theory The Chicago School of Criminology Park and Burgess – concentric city zones Society has a major influence on behaviour.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Strain Theory Crime is adaptive, problem-solving behaviour. Modes of adaptation: 1.Conformity 2.Innovation 3.Ritualism 4.Retreatism 5.Rebellion

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc General Strain Theory Many factors influence whether someone will react to strain with crime:  Temperament  Intelligence  Interpersonal skills  Self-efficacy  Association with criminal peers  Association with conventional social support

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Culture Conflict Theory Two types of culture conflict: 1.Primary conflict ► Fundamental clash of cultures 2.Secondary conflict ► Clash of smaller cultures, within the primary culture

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Subcultural Theory Emphasizes the contribution made by variously socialized cultural groups to crime. Focal Concerns troubleexcitement toughnessfate smartness autonomy

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Violent Subcultures Violence is a learned form of adaptation to certain problematic life circumstances. For participants in violent subcultures, violence can be a way of life.

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Differential Opportunity Two types of socially structured opportunities for success: 1.Legitimate opportunity structures 2.Illegitimate opportunity structures

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Reaction Formation The “middle-class measuring rod” Status-frustration Reaction formation Crime

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Gangs Today ► Over 300 street gangs identified in Canada  Approximately 11,000 gang members ► More violent ► More involved with drugs

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Canada Inc Policy Implications of Social Structure Theories ► The Chicago Area Project ► Mobilization for Youth ► The Youth Violence Project: A Community Based Violence Prevention Project

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