Islam

Deserts There is only a small strip of fertile land in south of Saudi Arabia Few oases The rest is Desert

Bedouins Nomads who live in the desert Organized into tribes and clans –Clans give security and support since they live in extreme conditions –Defended themselves from other clans who wanted water, grazing territory, livestock or food supplies

Islamic Way of Life Bedouin valued –Courage –Loyalty to family –Warrior skills This would lead to Islamic way of life

Trade Routes Many trade routes connected Arabia to major ocean and land trade routes –Extreme south of the peninsula –To the Byzantine in the north –Caravan routes went to the Silk Roads in the east –Transported spices to the west

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Islam’s Holy Book The Quran or Koran – contains the teachings revealed to Muhammad the prophet of Allah

Started in the Middle East Islam began in Saudi Arabia, in the Middle East

Laws = The 5 Pillars of Islam 1.Faith in Allah 2.Prayer 5 times a day facing Mecca 3.Giving alms to the poor (charity) 4.Fasting during Ramadan 5.Make a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime

Allah Allah is the Islamic name for GOD Those who follow Allah are called MUSLIMS

Muhammad Muhammad is the founder of Islam His teachings are written in the Koran

Islam is Monotheistic What is another religion we have studied that is monotheistic =

Cities that are holy Mecca = Place Muhammad was born here; where the KAABA is located

Mecca Located in Saudi Arabia Important stop on trade routes During holy months, caravans stopped in Mecca and this brought religious pilgrims who came to worship at the Kaaba

Cities that are holy Medina = City where Muhammad started Islam

Cities that are holy Jerusalem = Place where Muhammad ascended to heaven from the Dome of the Rock

Dome of the Rock Located in Jerusalem Rock in the center is believed to be the spot from where Muhammad ascended (rose) up to Heaven

Kaaba Large cube building Central place of Islamic worship This is the building Muslims face during prayer

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Crisis Muhammad dies in 632 Muslims now had to find a new leader Muhammad did not name a successor

Solution Muslims chose Abu-Bakr who was a loyal friend of Muhammad He became the first Caliph Caliph – (kay-lif) means successor or deputy

Abu-Bakr After Muhammad died some Muslims –Refused to pay taxes –Tried to say they were prophets themselves –Some tribes abandoned Islam In order to get things under control, Abu-Bakr used the military to get authority.

Muslim State By the time Abu died, the Muslim state controlled all of Arabia Under the next 2 caliphs they took: –Syria –Lower Egypt –Parts of Persia By 750 they controlled from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River (2x the width of the USA!!)

Muslim Troops They were successful because they were –Willing to struggle till the end for Islam –Well disciplined –Expertly commanded Enemies were not used to their style of warfare

Byzantine and Persia The Byzantine and Persia were already weak from long time conflicts The people welcomed Islam

Treatment of Conquered People Muslims were tolerant of conquered people The Quran forbids forceful conversion –They let others keep their religion if they paid a poll tax –People who did not convert were not allowed to spread their own religions

Internal Conflict The 2 Caliphs after Abu Bakr were assassinated After their assassinations, the elective system of choosing caliphs ended

Umayyads A family that came to power in 661 They set up a hereditary system of getting new leaders. They moved the Muslim capital to Damascus

Umayyads Surrounded themselves with riches Some Muslims did not agree with the Umayyads and split.

The Split Muslims split into two groups:

SHI’A Believe the leader should be a relative of Muhammad

SUNNI This group followed the Umayyad rule and followed Muhammad’s example.

Sufi Another group who reacted against the rich life of the Umayyads They led a life of poverty and devotion to the spiritual life of Islam They meditated and chanted Focused on the Quran

Muslim Achievement Cultural Contributions Copyright © Clara Kim All rights reserved.

Muslim Architecture

Cultural Blending It is in Architecture that the greatest cultural blending can be seen Already existing buildings were modified by Islamic Ideals Islamic Features: –Multi-lobed interwoven arches –Domes –Minarets –Large courtyards

Multi-lobed interwoven arches

Domes

Minarets Towers built from where Muslims are called to prayer 5 times a day

Large Courtyards

Mosaics Artwork created using tiny pieces of colored glass tiles Muslims use mosaics to create geometric decorations on Mosques

Arabic Alphabet Arabic was first used to translate the context of the Quran (The Holy Book of Islam) Written from Right to Left Made up of 28 letters

Calligraphy Art of beautiful handwriting In Islam, showing living things in art was not allowed So artists turned to calligraphy to express themselves

Universities Muhammad strongly believed in the power of learning –This led to support of places of learning by Muslim Leaders Qualified physicians = treat the sick Mathematicians and Astronomers = Calculated times for prayer

Muslim Achievement Part 2 Scientific Contributions Copyright © Clara Kim All rights reserved.

Math Arabic Numbers were adapted from India –Included the number ZERO Led to study of optics which helped develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes

Medical Advances The Comprehensive Book – An encyclopedia of medicine using knowledge from Greek, Syrian, Arabic and Indian sources of knowledge

Science Relied on Scientific observation and experimentation Translated and studied Greek texts

Great Muslim Empires OttomanMughalSafavid

Ottoman Empire Location: Stretched from Northern Africa to the Middle EastLocation: Stretched from Northern Africa to the Middle East Began under a ghazi named OsmanBegan under a ghazi named Osman Captured land through militaristic methods and the use of gunpowderCaptured land through militaristic methods and the use of gunpowder Conquered over 2,250 miles of land from Conquered over 2,250 miles of land from

Suleyman the Magnificient Most prominent leader in history of Ottoman Empire Most prominent leader in history of Ottoman Empire Conquered much of North Africa and Central Asia during his reign Conquered much of North Africa and Central Asia during his reign Created a law code that handled both civil and criminal actions Created a law code that handled both civil and criminal actions Introduced the devshirme system Introduced the devshirme system

Mughal Empire Location: India, Uzbekistan, and TajikistanLocation: India, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan Began with an 11- year old boy named Babur, who inherited land.Began with an 11- year old boy named Babur, who inherited land. Grew through military force and tacticsGrew through military force and tactics Conquered over 2,100 miles of land from Conquered over 2,100 miles of land from

Akbar’s Golden Age Most prominent leader in history of Mughal Empire Most prominent leader in history of Mughal Empire Utilized cannons to break through castle walls Utilized cannons to break through castle walls Appointed enemies as military leaders Appointed enemies as military leaders Practiced religious tolerance and cultural blending Practiced religious tolerance and cultural blending

Safavid Empire Location: From Arabia to PersiaLocation: From Arabia to Persia Began as a religious brotherhood and aligned with Shi’a branch of IslamBegan as a religious brotherhood and aligned with Shi’a branch of Islam Located between Ottoman and Mughal empireLocated between Ottoman and Mughal empire Conquered over 1,700 miles of land by 1683Conquered over 1,700 miles of land by 1683

Shah Abbas Most prominent leader in history of Safavid Empire Most prominent leader in history of Safavid Empire Drew from Ottoman, Persian, and Arab cultures Drew from Ottoman, Persian, and Arab cultures Reformed both aspects of military and civilian life Reformed both aspects of military and civilian life Supported art works and architecture Supported art works and architecture