 King Henry IV  Was a Huguenot, but converted to Catholicism for his country.  Edict of Nantes- Gave France freedom of religion  Improved the taxation system so that nobles paid more

 Longest reign in French history- 72 years  Believed in the “divine right of kings” ◦ Absolute monarch  Big changes ◦ Builds Palace in Versailles ◦ Edict of Fountainbleau

 Appointed by Louis XIV to promote economic development in France  He accomplished:  Supported an idea of Mercantilism  He increased the size of the army and the navy  Promoted colonization in America and Canada and Africa

 Ivan the Terrible  The first to be named Czar  Had absolute power  Ruthless leader  Built St. Basils Cathedral

 Giant “absolute monarch” ◦ Disguised himself as a citizen and traveled Europe looking for allies and learning western ways  “Westernized” Russia  French clothing  Women more rights  Men had to shave off their beards  Used some French in language

 Modernized the army  Built St. Petersburg and made it the capital  Encouraged manufacturing and trade  Wanted a port on the Baltic Sea because Russia was landlocked

 Had nobles kill her husband so she could be the sole leader  Supported the arts, literature, sciences etc…  Extended serfdom  Wide gap between the rich and the poor  Great foreign policy  War with the Ottoman Turks= Black Sea port  Added 200,000 square miles to Russia  Mongolia-fur  Siberia-natural resources  Colonized Alaska

 Maria Theresa  Pragmatic Sanction allowed Maria Theresa to take over Austria after her father, The Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI died.  Had a patchwork kingdom with different languages, religions and cultures. This caused many conflicts in Austria  It was difficult to rule

 Created a unified Prussia  Followed in Louis XIV’s footsteps and had a lavish court

 Ended the lavishness of Frederick I  Made Prussia stronger  Doubled the size of the army  Militaristic society  Effective government  Encouraged trade  Made Primary education mandatory (kindergarten)

 He was more into the arts and his father was afraid he would not be a good leader. Frederick II tried to escape Prussia with a friend and his father caught them and executed his friend.  Was a stronger ruler than his father  Expanded territory and the prestige of Prussia

 Almost all of Europe was involved.  It started with a dispute between Frederick William I and Maria Theresa and Silesia ◦ War of Austrian Succession ◦ Diplomatic Revolution: France sides with Austria and Russia. Britain sides with Prussia

 In America an extension of the war continued ◦ French and Indian War-Washington’s mistake  Tanacharison at Jumonville  Treaty of Paris 1763 ends it ◦ Silesia is given to Prussia ◦ Britain gains French claims in Canada and Ohio River Valley

 Because: ◦ Treasuries were drained ◦ Death – loss of population ◦ Countries had to rebuild their infrastructures and militaries

 King Henry VII  King Henry VIII  Edward VI- 6 years  Mary I ◦ Wanted to return England to the Catholic faith ◦ Married King Phillip II of Spain ◦ Ruthless ◦ Burned at least 300 people at the stake for not converting to Catholicism ◦ “Bloody Mary”

 Became Queen after Mary I dies ◦ Strengthens Protestantism  Non Anglicans had to pay fines to practice other religions ◦ Executed Mary Queen of Scots for plotting with Spain to kill Elizabeth ◦ Defeats the Spanish Armada-1588 ◦ Managed Parliament skillfully ◦ Freedom of Speech ◦ Never married and had no heir when she died

 Protestant  A Stuart and not a Tudor  Lacked common sense in financial matters and diplomacy  The “wisest fool in Christendom”  Believed in the “divine right of Kings”  Alliance with Spain broke down and they went to war  Had no luck working with the Parliament  So he sold titles to nobles  Granted rights to nobles  Raised trade duties  All for money

 Charles I becomes king  England has a revolution  Will be continued…