Human Systems Review: To help you study!

Endocrine System A network of All of the glands (organs) that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate growth and development.

Hormones Chemical Protein Messengers of the Endocrine system secreted by glands into the blood (Circulatory System).

Ovaries Female reproductive organ that produces an egg cell (female gamete) and Estrogen (Hormone).

Testes Male reproductive organ that produces Sperm (Male Gametes) and Testosterone (Sex Hormone)

Testosterone Male sex hormone secreted by the Testes. Plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testes as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle, bone mass, and the growth of body hair.

Testosterone

Estrogen Female sex hormone produced by the Ovaries that controls female sexual development, Egg release from the ovaries, and menstrual cycles.

The Ovarian Cycle – know how to read this diagram, you will probably see it on the regents exam.

Insulin The hormone that is secreted by the Pancreas and tells (prompts) glucose to move from the blood into body cells, resulting in a lower blood glucose level. Diabetes results when the pancreas does not produce insulin resulting in High blood sugar. Requires insulin injections (shots) to normalize.

Insulin Cont:

Glucagon Hormone secreted by the Pancreas that tells the liver to break down fat stores and release sugar back into the blood. This hormone raises blood sugar - Insulin Lowers it. http://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/glucagon.html

Blood Sugar Level

Adrenaline (Epinephrine) Hormone secreted by the Adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys. Increases heart rate and prepares body for Fight OR Flight response!

Homeostasis The ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment even when the external environment changes.

Cell Membrane The thin boundry between the cell and its environment. Fluid Mosaic Model, made up of fatty acids

Catalyst An Enzyme/Protein in the body that speeds up or slows down a chemical reaction without itself being changed or used up.

ATP - Adenosine triphosphate The energy that our cells use. Cellular Respiration in the mitochondria breaks the chemical bonds found in Glucose to release ATP

Organelles A structure inside of a cell that carries out a specific function (like organs do!!).

Mitochondria Pod shaped organelle that contain enzymes used to extract energy from nutrients. Power house of the cell….makes ATP

Cellular Respiration The process in which the mitochondria break apart chemical bonds in nutrients to release ATP

Chloroplast The green organelle that contains chlorophyll; this is where photosynthesis takes place.

Photosynthesis (IN Chloroplast) Sunlight + CO2 + Water = Oxygen + Glucose Plants and Euglena can use sunlight to make their own food (glucose and starch which is a long chain of glucose molecules strung together).

Chlorophyll Is the green pigment in the chloroplast, that converts light energy into the chemical bond energy of glucose.

Human Body Systems: Notes

Cells/Tissue/Organs/Organ System Cells are the basic building blocks of life Tissues are made of cells Organs are made of tissues Organ Systems are made of organs These work together to help to provide all cells with nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal.

Human Body Systems Each system is composed of organs and tissues which perform specific functions These systems interact with each other to keep the body alive and healthy (Homeostasis) Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems

Digestive System The digestive system consists of organs that are responsible for the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food The process results in molecules that can be absorbed and transported to cells for energy.

Circulatory System The circulatory system moves substances to and from cells where they are needed or produced, responding to change demands. It also helps protect the body from disease. Specialized cells protect the body from infectious disease. The chemicals they produce identify and destroy microbes that enter the body.

Respiratory System During respiration, cells use oxygen to release energy stored in food. To do this, the respiratory system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. (gas exchange)

Reproductive System In the reproductive system, the male and female are responsible for producing sex cells necessary for the production of offspring.

Nervous System The nervous system works to control and coordinate the body’s responses to changes in the environment. It works together with all of the other systems.

Endocrine System The endocrine system works together with the nervous system. It regulates growth, development and reproduction. Hormones are chemicals from glands that effect other body parts.

Excretory System The excretory system disposes dissolved waste molecules, the elimination of solid, liquid, and gaseous wastes, and the removal of excess heat energy.

Musculo-Skeletal System The muscle and skeletal systems work together in the interaction of skeletal muscles and bones. This is coordinated by the nervous system. They are necessary to escape danger, obtain food and shelter, and reproduce.

Immune Disease breaks down the structures or functions of an organism and our body responds by destroying and invaders. These invaders might be foreign objects, bacteria, virus, or fungi. When this system stops working it is very easy for us to get sick.