1. Cells
Chapter 8

2. Pretest
Which cells surround and consume harmful organisms that invade the body?
A. antibodies
B. phagocytes
C. epithelial cells
D. Hormones
Which system carries oxygen in the body?
A. endocrine system
B. skeletal system
C. circulatory system
D. nervous system

3. ____________ is a gel-like material that surrounds the internal parts of a cell.
A. chloroplast
B. nucleus
C. cytoplasm
D. Mitochondria
The system that fights disease and other foreign agents.
A. circulatory
B. immune
C. endocrine
D. urinary

4. Mucus, skin, tears, saliva, and ____________ are all part of your first line of defense.
A. earwax
B. eyeball
C. finger nail
D. tongue
__________ are chemical message made by endocrine glands.
A. hormones
B. cells
C. tissues
D. glucose

5. What do cells do?
Chapter 8 Lesson 1

6. Big Idea:
All living things are made of cells. To stay alive and healthy, cells need food, water, and a way to eliminate waste.

7. A single cell is the smallest structure that carries out the activities necessary for life.
*Animals and plant cells have 3 features in common:
cell membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

8. cell membrane: outer covering of the cell; water & food enter through it; wastes move out of the membrane
nucleus: part of cell that directs all cell activities & carries info for cell reproduction
cytoplasm: gel-like material that spreads around the internal parts of the cell
Organelle: structure that has a specific task within the cell
*for example: mitochondria (energy), vacuoles (stores materials), golgi bodies (transports), endoplasmic reticulum

9. structure and transport
Nucleus
cell control center;
reproduction
Cell Membrane
structure and transport

10. Only plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
cell walls: adds support to a plant cell
chloroplast: organelle that makes food from sunlight, water & carbon dioxide

11. Cell membranes use both passive & active transport.
Cell Transportation
A cell membrane allows water, gases, and wastes to pass in and out of the cell.
Cell membranes use both passive & active transport.
passive transport
no energy needed
active transport
requires energy

12. Active transport requires energy & goes from LOWER to HIGHER.
Diffusion: process that spreads substances through a gas or liquid from a HIGHER to a LOWER concentration
passive transport
Active transport requires energy & goes from LOWER to HIGHER.
Special Type of Diffusion:
Osmosis: a type of diffusion that allows water to pass, but not the solutes in the water; keeps water inside the cells

13. Using Energy
Photosynthesis: process that plants use to make food by using the energy of sunlight
Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________ and depends on a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Sugar that plants produce in photosynthesis is called _________.
Mitochondria breaks down these sugars into energy. The energy is stored in an ATP molecule.
chloroplasts
glucose

14. Your body is made up of trillions of cells.
Did you know?
Your body is made up of trillions of cells.
Yet you began as just a single cell!
How did you grow?
Cell division

15. How are cells specialized?
Chapter 8 Lesson 2

16. Main Idea:
Complex organisms have many types of cells. Each cell has special structures that allow it to carry out specific tasks.

17. Different Cells for Different Jobs
Tissues: group of cells that has a common structure and function
Organs: 2 or more types of tissues that work together
Example: brain, heart, kidneys
Organ systems: group of organs that work together to perform complex tasks

18. Organ Systems
The more complex the organism, the greater the number of organ systems it needs to survive.
Humans have 11 organ systems.
Each system plays a particular role in the body.
Systems influence each other.
Some organs work for more than one system.

19. Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Endocrine System
ORGAN SYSTEM
FUNCTION
Circulatory System
carries oxygen and removes CO2 via blood
Musculoskeletal System
supports body and allows you to move
Nervous System
controls movements and other organ systems; brain-controlled
Endocrine System
works like a chemical communication system; has glands that produces hormones
Respiratory System
exchanges oxygen and CO2 between the organism and the environment (breathing)
Hormone: chemical message that travels through the blood and carries special info. Humans have about 50 hormones. They do things such as regulate growth and energy use, control blood sugar, and cause specific body changes

20. Musculoskeletal System
Organ Systems
(7 of the 11 systems)
Circulatory System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Musculoskeletal System
Nervous System
Respiratory System
Urinary System

21. Organization of Living Things
cells
tissues
organs
organ systems
organisms

22. How does disease affect cells?
Chapter 8 Lesson 3

23. infectious disease: contagious; disease caused by organisms or viruses
noninfectious disease: disease caused by malfunction of an organ system
immune system: organ system that fights disease & foreign agents

24. Includes ways your body stops disease agents from entering the body
1st line of defense
Includes ways your body stops disease
agents from entering the body
Examples: skin, tears, saliva, ear wax, mucus
2nd line of defense
Starts if harmful agents enter your body
inflammation: blood reacts to fight infection
phagocytes: cells surround & consume harmful disease agents

25. Immune System - this system fights harmful agents of disease
3rd Line of Defense
Immune System - this system fights harmful agents of disease
*produces antibodies to fight invading agents

26. A vaccination puts a small amount of a live or dead virus into the body. The vaccine causes the immune system to develop antibodies.

27. The Human Body’s Defenses Against Disease
In summary,
The Human Body’s Defenses Against Disease
tears, saliva, mucus, skin, ear wax
inflammation
phagocytes
immune system

28. Let’s see what you have learned!
Diffusion is ________ transport that allows water to pass through the membrane from an area of _______ to ____ concentration.
We start as a single cell. We grow as a result of ________________.
____________ is a gel-like material that surrounds the internal parts of a cell.
passive
high
low
cell division
Cytoplasm

29. A sugar that plants produce through photosynthesis is _______________.
______________ are cells that surround and consume harmful organisms that invade the body.
The _____________ system carries blood (which contains oxygen) to all parts of the body.
The __________ system fights disease.
_____________ are chemical message made by endocrine glands. (hint: efgh)
glucose
Phagocytes
circulatory
immune
Hormones

30. word bank: musculoskeletal endocrine circulatory nervous
ORGAN SYSTEMS
brain is the center; controls other parts of the body
carries blood & oxygen all over the body
circulatory system
nervous
system
has glands that produces chemical messages called hormones
supports the body and allows for movement
musculoskeletal
system
endocrine system
word bank: musculoskeletal endocrine circulatory nervous

31. 3 things cells have in common: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
Study Guide
3 things cells have in common:
cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
2 things plants cells have that animal cells don’t:
cell wall, chloroplasts
organ systems
1st, 2nd, 3rd defense systems
Vocabulary
diffusion glucose
cell division hormones
phagocytes