01- Sustainable Energy...The Wider Context
May 17, The Wider Context 1. Energy Sources Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1.1
What is Energy? “the ability to do work” Universe = Energy + Matter – Energy “moves” Matter (substance) No “free” ride: – Cannot be created nor destroyed; Can only be transformed May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 3 If so, why do we talk about “Energy Losses”? What does “transformed” mean? 1.1
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 4 1.1
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 5 1.1
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 6 1.1
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 7 1.1
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical What Binds molecules together – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17,
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear What Holds the Atomic Nucleus together What prevents Atoms from fusing – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability Fusion Fission
What is Energy? Kinetic: “motion” – Waves, Sound waves – Electrical – Electromagnetic / Radiant – Heat / Thermal Energy Potential: “stored” – Gravitational – Chemical – Nuclear – Mechanical May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, output Energy & Society: Productivity input output input Mesopotamia, Egypt Europe; 1400's 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1
May 17, Energy: the Rise of the Machines Newcomen's 1712 Design Burn some Stuff Make some Heat Water into Steam Steam into Motion Motion into Electricity 1700's 1850's British Chancellor; "But, after all, what use is this electricity?" Michael Faraday; "Why sir, there is the probability that you will soon be able to tax it." Coal 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1
May 17, output Energy: New Energy Sources output input Mesopotamia, Egypt Europe; 1400's USA, Europe; 1900's Energy "growing" 1 Barrel of Oil ~ 25,000 Hrs Human Labour Energy "mining" 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1
May 17, Lord Curzon: "The Allied cause had floated to victory on a wave of oil" Energy: Carbons v Hydrocarbons Energy as: – Work, Surplus, to build armies, – Storage – Transmission Carbons: Coal = 32 MJ/Mass Hydrocarbons: Oil / Diesel = 47 MJ/Mass x 5 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1
May 17, Society Needs Energy to "Harvest the Sun" Energy as Work: Food Surplus, to feed specialists, Energy Storage Specific Energy: Energy stored (MJ) / Mass (Kg) Carbons: Dry Cow-dung / Camel-dung = 15 Wood = 18 Coal = 32 Hydrogen = 142 Hydrocarbons: Oil / Gasoline = 48 Oil / Diesel = 47 Natural Gas / Methane = 56 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.1
May 17, The Wider Context Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1. Energy Sources Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications 1.2
May 17, What is it: What it's made of C 2 H 6 : Ethane C 3 H 8 : Propane C 4 H 10 : Butane C 5 H 12 : Pentane 90 % 0 % - 20 % % CH 4 : Methane Sulphur Content Wet Dry API Gravity High 4% Low 0% Heavy Sour Light Sour Light Sweet Heavy Sweet 10° 45° Petroleum Natural Gas BCF-17 Venezuela Maya Mexico Arab Light - Heavy Arabian Peninsula Alaska "North Slope" USA Daqing China Brent UK 70 % 15° 2.5% 20° 3.7% 28° - 34° 2 %- 3% 39° 0.5% 33° 0.1% 31° 1.0% Other Compounds Paraffins Naphtenes Aromatics Asphaltics Average % Range % Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1.2
May 17, Society's Oil & Gas Needs: Quality Work – Surplus Storage Transmission Efficiency: 1. At consumption 2. At Production 3. Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2
May 17, Society's Energy "Mix" Energy as: –W–Work: Electricity + Transport Surplus: consumption society –S–Storage –T–Transmission –E–Efficiency Hydrocarbons Gasoline & Diesel No Transport Transport Carbons: Coal Hydrocarbons Natural Gas Energy "Mix" in the United States, % Loss 80% Loss 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2
May 17, Consumption Side Work – Surplus Storage Transmission Efficiency: 1. At consumption: Petroleum Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport High Energy Content / Weight Easy to Modify / Refine Relatively Clean 2. At Production? Electricity: Carbons: Coal Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas Transport: Hydrocarbons: Oil 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2
May 17, Production Side Work – Surplus Storage Transmission Efficiency: 1. At consumption: Petroleum Liquid: Easy to extract/pump/transport High Energy Content / Weight Easy to Modify / Refine Relatively Clean 2. At Production? Electricity: Carbons: Coal Hydrocarbons: Natural Gas Transport: Hydrocarbons: Oil 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.2
May 17, The Wider Context 1. Energy Sources Energy in Context Sources and Uses Quality Issues 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 1.3
May 17, ERoEI: Energy Quality Profit Needs Extraction Cost 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3
May 17, ERoEI: Energy Sources REF: Murphy, D.J.; Hall, C.A.S. (2010). Year in review EROI or energy return on (energy) invested. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences Oil & Gas: 1970 Oil & Gas: 2005 Shale Oil 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3
May 17, ERoEI: Quality of Oil REF: High Quality: High EROEI Many useful by-products Low Quality: Low EROEI Few useful by-products Average EROIE: in 1990 ~ 40:1 in 2010 ~ 20:1 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3
May 17, ERoEI: Energy Quality Profit Needs Extraction Cost 1 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability.3
May 17, Energy and Petroleum 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Outline Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 2
ERoEI: the Net “Energy Cliff” May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 28 2 REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167
May 17, We’re still using 1700’s Tech Newcomen's 1712 Design Burn some Stuff Make some Heat Water into Steam Steam into Motion Motion into Electricity 1700's 1850's Coal 2 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
May 17, Energy and Petroleum 2. Beyond Petroleum? 3. Implications Outline Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 3
May 17, In Summary: Energy in Context Work & Storage – Surplus "import" fossil energy from the past, "export" pollution into the future. – King Coal is still King Most power = "Steam Power" Energy = source of heat Transmission – Petroleum is better – Oil is easier to transport than gas Efficiency: 1. At consumption 2. At Production, Since 1990's: Decreasing ERoEI Increasing Real Cost 3. Not all Oil & Gas sources are equal 3 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability
ERoEI: Quality of Life May 17, 2015 Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability 32 REF: Lambert, J. G., et al.; 2014: Energy, EROI and quality of life. Energy Policy 64:153–167 3
May 17, For your attention Energy: Sources and Quality Beyond Petroleum? Implications... … questions … comments ? Session 1 - Energy and Sustainability