Stephen P. Robbins defines perceptions as – “A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment”. According to Udai Pareek & others – “Perception can be defined as the process of receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting and reaction to sensory stimuli or data”.

Examples of Perception

Young /Old woman illusion

Center circles

Perception Process Through puts InputsOutput s Selection  Organisation  Interpretation ActionStimuli

Environmental Stimuli For example. Objects and people in the immediate environment Perceptual Selection External Factors Size Intensity Contrast Motion Repetition Novelty Familiarity Internal Factors Personality Learning Motivation Interpretation Perceptual Defense Stereotyping Halo effect Projection Expectancy effects Attributions Internal Versus external causes Causes for success and failure Observation Taste Smell Hearing Sight Touch Perceptual Organization Perceptual Grouping Continuity Closure Proximity Similarity Response Covert Attitudes Motivations Feelings Overt Behavior Basic Elements in the Perceptual Process

Factors Influencing Perception: 1.) Perceiver 2.) Target 3.) Situation

Factor of Perceiver Attitudes Motives Interest Experience Expectation Factor Perceived Novelty Motion Repetition Sounds Size Background Factor Influence Perception Perception Factor in Situation Time Work Setting Social Setting

1.) Selective Perception 2.) Halo Effect 3.) Contrast Effects 4.) Projection 5.) Stereotyping Perception Error

How to improve Perception 1.Perceiving one self Accurately 2.Improve self concept 3.Be empathetic 4.Having positive attitude 5.Avoid perceptual distortion 6.Open Communication

Specific Applications in Organizations: 1.) Employment Interview 2.) Performance Expectations (Self Fulfilling Prophecy) 3.) Performance Evaluation 4.) Employee Effort

CASE STUDY