1 Climate Change; a Latin American and Caribbean Perspective. Joseluis Samaniego Chief Sustainable Development Division UN Economic Commission for LAC

2 Characteristics of LAC No decoupling (in general) between growth and emissions. “Sinks” are a source (ag., cattle,). Very vulnerable to natural disasters. most of the population (75 %) is urbanized (therefore popular housing, waste, wastewater, air quality and transport are of high concern). Good institutions, including development financial institutions: BNDES, NAFIN, CAF, BCIE,CORFO, etc.

3. SENDERO DE EMISIONES (Kg. CO2/ US$ a precios de 2000; Kg. CO2 /Hab.) Energy Intentsity: barrels of oil/US of Emissions Intensities per GDP (red) and per capita (blue).

4 LAC’s emissions (per supply unit of primary energy). Source: ECLAC with IEA Key World Energy Statistics, LAC’s emmissions per capita.

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6 Changes in land-use have continued: Forest cover is down by 68,7 millon hectares Agriculture is up by 26,5 millon has: of which, 13,8 million are permanent pastures and 12,7 million is arable lands and 42,2 million are temporary grasslands. Cattle grew by 68,1 million Soja grew by 22,4 million hectares Source: FAO 2007.

7 Land Use Change in LAC Source: FAO 2007

8 Forest loss is twice as fast than in the rest of the World Surface (1000 hectares) Annual Change (1000 Hectares) Change (%) Caribbean México Centralam Southam LAC World

9 What do broad development-climate change related LAC priorities seem to be? Energy security: –Reducing demand through energy efficiency in electricity consumption and in liquid fuels use (vehicles). –Securing supply (gas and hidro may grow very slowly vis a vis other sources. Somer renewables). Protecting the forests: REDD (incentives to arrest land use change) Agricultural production: Reduce soils degradation. Urban environmental quality: Improved sanitation services; water treatment (MDGs) and landfills to recover methane. Economic security: Estimating the economic impacts of climate change ranging from the primary sector to public finance. Socio-economic security: Preparing for more extreme weather events. Scaling up to “programs” involving national and reginal financial institutions. Regional coordination to protect competitiveness while making progress on environmental issues (investment criteria, efficiency standards, etc.)

10 Where LAC could benefit more from the CC process. Making make progres in –Rewarding net cleaner fuels like ethanol –Incentivizing forest and soils conservation –Rewarding the reorganization of mass transit systems –Support financially important national shifs in policies. –Enhancing carbon markets for a more meaningful contribution of the region to global efforts. –Facilitating access to better energy technologies (IPR, prices, funding mechanisms, etc.)

11 ECLAC’s work for Support REDD: –research (opportunity costs, activity change), –regional and extrarregional meetings. Support valuation of economic Impacts of CC (Mexico, Central America: income and fiscal implications). Exploration of mitigation “Programs” (partners: Milan, Energeias, BMZ-GTZ) : –Urban: methane recovery, –Rural: cogeneration in sugar mills. Facilitate regional disscussions (further steps like Bali POA and Club de Madrid doc.) Discuss on Market Mecanisms Evolution (expanding scopes). Asess energy trends. Carry out disaster valuation. Study trade and CC relations.

12 Thank you for your attention. Chief. Sust. Dev. Division Economic Commission for LAC