Chapter 8

How do you imagine the world to be 50 or 100 years from now?

The evolution of some key aspects of liberalism (page 274 of your text)

 The principles of classical liberalism revolve around the belief that individuals should be free to make choices.  This freedom is commonly called negative freedom, or ‘freedom from’ (since you are free from something) Positive Freedoms Negative Freedoms e.g. Freedom of expression e.g. Freedom from cruel or inhuman punishment MODERN LIBERALISM CLASSICAL LIBERALISM

How did this evolution occur? What events led to this evolution? Is it still evolving? How?

 Positive Freedoms can be thought of as ‘freedom to’  Progressives (those who supported a shift to modern liberal ideas) believed that certain conditions prevented all members of society from achieving equality  Therefore government intervention ensured equality of opportunity

 Modern liberals argue that you cannot be free if your basic needs are not met, if you are oppressed from unfair labour practices, or subject to discrimination. Hence, government intervention is needed to prevent these things from occurring.  At the same time they believed too much government intervention could lead to tyranny. Therefore they call for protection of civil liberties, equal rights, and transparent government

In review: Classical Liberalism > Negative Freedoms Modern Liberalism > Positive Freedoms

1. Write down 3 examples of positive freedoms and 3 examples of negative freedoms 2. On page 279 complete the ‘Concept Application’ section (#2: Compare and Contrast)

We will look at how these affect modern liberalism:  Environmentalism  Neo-Conservatism  Religious perspectives  and Aboriginal perspectives

 How do environmental views and/or organizations such as Greenpeace shape modern liberalism?  Think about it: if classical liberalism places individualism and capitalism above all else how would the environment be affected? How has a shift left changed that?

 Read the Voices section on page 283 and answer questions 1-3.

 It emerged out of the U.S. in the 1950s & 60s as a reaction to modern liberal principles they believed that went “too far.”  Many neo-conservatives are former liberals who believed liberal policies failed.  Some favoured a return to the values of classical liberalism while other neo-conservatives challenged the values of both classical and modern liberalism.

 With the affirmative action-steps taken to counter past acts of discrimination- that arose out of the civil rights movement, many neo- conservatives saw this as opposing equality and individualism  They also saw the period of détente (period of negotiation between the U.S. and the USSR during the Cold War) as a time of weak foreign policy. They believed in actively spreading democracy by fighting against communism.

 Neo-conservatism grew in popularity during the 1980s with Regan and Thatcher in power.  During the 1990s aspects of neo-conservatism declined with less money spent on military expenditures

 In 1997, the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) was established by neo-conservatives to advocate for increased defense-spending, strengthening ties to democratic allies, promoting democracy and capitalism abroad, and challenging other governments that were hostile to American interests and values.  Many members of PNAC became part of George W Bush’s administration and, after 9/11, neo- conservative policies were adopted once again.

 They believed economic growth can be stimulated by cutting taxes and with limited government intervention in the economy  Their ideas resemble classical liberal values  WTO and IMF policies are similar to those of neo-conservatives. These organizations promote free trade and reducing tariffs, concessions, and regulations by which government involves itself in commerce

 Foreign policy is an area of common ground for most neo-conservatives and includes ideas like:  Patriotism is good and should be encouraged  World government is not a good idea as it would lead to world tyranny  A large country has interests that extend beyond its own borders, and thus needs a strong military  Democratic capitalism is a preferable system to others and should be promoted internationally

 They generally have traditional views on social issues  Are influenced by conservative Christianity  many neo-conservatives seek to curtail abortion rights, allow prayer in schools, and urge teaching about creationism in science classes.

Read: Placing the Community Above the Individual and Government Limitations on Religious Practices On pages of your text and be prepared to discuss.

 First Nations peoples value the importance of the collective, a connection to the past, and tradition.  In many Aboriginal societies egalitarianism is emphasized (all people should be treated as equal.

 Read:  Nunavut & Aboriginal Justice on pages Be prepared to discuss.