THE ROARING TWENTIES

A BOOMING ECONOMY 5a, 5c, 6a

K EY TERMS AND PEOPLE Henry Ford Mass Production Model T Scientific Management Assembly Line Consumer Revolution Installment Buying Bull Market Buying on a Margin

T HE AUTOMOBILE DRIVES PROSPERITY Henry Ford Used mass production and the assembly line to manufacture the Model T Made them cheaper and more readily available Hired scientific management experts to further improve efficiency Impact of the automobile Increase oil, rubber, and steel production More gas stations More highways=people moved to suburbs More advertising More vacation spots

A BUSTLING ECONOMY Consumer revolution Flood of new, affordable goods available to the public Advertising Able to sell more products to more consumers Installment buying Consumers make a small down payment and pay off the rest in regular monthly payments Increased the amount of debt Bull Market Period of rising stock prices Buying on the Margin Buying stocks on credit

C ITIES, SUBURBS, AND COUNTRY People flock to the cities Immigrants and farmers in the cities Skyscrapers change the skyline More efficient use of the land Suburbs Grow Mass production and automobiles Urban workers moved to suburbs Hardships Rich were getting richer and the poor, poorer Industrial wages were not rising, farm incomes declined

T HE BUSINESS OF GOVERNMENT 5a, 6a, 6c

K EY TERMS AND PEOPLE Andrew Mellon Herbert Hoover Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge Washington Naval Disarmament Kellogg-Briand Pact Dawes Plan

T HE HARDING ADMINISTRATION Favored “big business” Named wealthy banker, Andrew Mellon, as Secretary of the Treasury Favored low taxes and reduced government spending Harding raised the tariff rate Returned to a “laissez-faire” attitude Reduced government regulation of business The Ohio Gang Harding didn’t like to make decisions, so he relied on others to make them for him Close friends that he gambled with Used the government to get rich Very scandalous

T HE TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL The worst scandal of Harding’s administration Involved Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall Leased government oil reserves intended for the navy to private oil men in return for private loans The loans were actually bribes Senate investigation Oil reserves returned to the government Fall sentenced to a year in prison Harding was never found to be involved Soon after, Harding died of a heart attack while still in office

C ALVIN COOLIDGE TAKES THE PRESIDENCY Far different personality from the outgoing Harding Nickname was “Silent Cal” Silent Cal supported big business “the business of America is business” Continued to follow Mellon’s economic approach Trouble was brewing Farmers were struggling to keep their land Labor unions demanded higher wages African Americans faced discrimination Southern Jim Crow Laws To all of these, Silent Cal remained silent It is not the business of the government to help create an ideal nation

A MERICA ’ S ROLE IN THE WORLD Seeking an end to wars Washington Naval Disarmament Conference To reduce arms race and size of navies of major powers Kellogg-Briand Pact To “outlaw war as an instrument of national policy” 62 nations ratified But knew that it was actually unenforceable Collecting War Debts France and Great Britain owed money to the U.S. Germany owed money to France and Great Britain The Dawes Plan U.S. loans to Germany to make reparation payments France and Great Britain used the money to repay the U.S.

S OCIAL AND CULTURAL TRENDS 1a, 2a, 4a, 7d

K EY TERMS AND PEOPLE Modernism Fundamentalism Scopes Trial Clarence Darrow Quota System Ku Klux Klan Prohibition Eighteenth Amendment Volstead Act Bootlegger

T RADITIONALISM AND MODERNISM CLASH Shift from Rural to Urban Urban dwellers: more open to change Modernism: emphasize science and secular values over traditional ideas Rural dwellers: embraced a more traditional view of religion, science, and culture Education becomes more important Rural: Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic Muscle, endurance, and crop knowledge Urban: formal education; math and language Religious Fundamentalism Grows Growing number of Christians reaffirmed belief in the basic truths of their religion. What the Bible says is literally true

S COPES TRIAL 1925 Fundamentalism vs Modernism Teacher, John Scopes taught the theory of evolution in a Tennessee classroom It was illegal in Tennessee He was arrested AKA “the monkey trial” Scopes attorney was Clarence Darrow Prosecutor was William Jennings Bryan Found guilty and fined $100 Trial gained national attention

R ESTRICTING IMMIGRATION Nativists Oppose Immigration WWI, The Russian Revolution, and The Red Scare all increased nativism Quota Laws Emergency Quota Act of 1921 National Origins Act of 1924 Number of immigrants from a given nationality could not exceed 2% of that nationality living in the United States No Asians are allowed in

T HE NEW KU KLUX KLAN Original Klan formed in the South to terrorize African Americans The revived KKK Continued to harass African Americans Targeted Jews, Catholics, and immigrants Americans Oppose the Klan NAACP and the Anti-Defamation League

P ROHIBITION AND CRIME Prohibition: the banning of alcohol use 18 th amendment passed Forbade the manufacture, distribution, and consumption Volstead Act Enforced the 18 th amendment Stated exactly what alcohol was (beer, liqour, etc) Organized crime Bootleggers Al Capone Unintentional result of the 18 th amendment

A NEW MASS CULTURE 3c, 4f, 7a, 7d

K EY TERMS AND PEOPLE Charlie Chaplin The Jazz Singer Babe Ruth Charles Lindbergh Flapper Sigmund Freud “Lost Generation” F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway

N EW TRENDS IN POPULAR CULTURE Americans Enjoy More Leisure Time Average work week in the city was 70 hours Salaries and wages were on the rise Americans Go To The Movies Charlie Chaplin: most popular silent film star The Jazz Singer : first movie with sound The Radio and Phonograph Powerful instruments of mass culture Radios brought distant events in to homes Created a shared culture among Americans from coas-to-coast

A N A GE OF HEROES Sports Heroes Babe Ruth: baseball home run hero Charles Lindbergh Made the first transAtlantic flight Spirit of St. Louis

W OMEN ASSUME NEW ROLES Flappers Shorter dresses, more makeup, public dancing, drinking, smoking Assumed she had the same political and social rights as men Left traditional roles and moved toward modern role Family Life Marrying later and having fewer children Entered the workforce Inventions made daily chores much easier Dishwasher, vacuum cleaner

M ODERNISM IN LITERATURE “Lost Generation”: American writers of the 1920s F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms

T HE H ARLEM RESAISSANCE 3c, 4a, 4b, 7a

K EY TERMS AND PEOPLE Marcus Garvey Jazz Louis Armstrong Bessie Smith Harlem Renaissance Claude McKay Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston

A FRICAN A MERICANS F ACE C HANCES AND CHALLENGES Most that migrated North did find a better life Still did not escape racism and discrimination Post WWI brought about an increase in the demand for a solution to racial problem Garvey Calls for Racial Pride Marcus Garvey Believed that African Americans would never escape discrimination in the United States Promoted “Back to Africa” movement Advocated the separation of the races Movement fell apart in the second part of the decade

T HE J AZZ A GE African Americans developed jazz A musical form based on improvisation Emerged in the south, particularly New Orleans Louis Armstrong: trumpet Bessie Smith: “Empress of the Blues” Jazz helped to bridge the races Spread with the help of the Great Migration

H ARLEM R ENAISSANCE African American novelist, artists and poets celebrated their culture Helped give a new vocabulary and dynamic to race relations “The New Negro” African Americans would no longer endure old ways of exploitation and discrimination Writers Claude McKay Langston Hughes: Poet Most powerful literary voice of the time Zora Neale Hurston Their Eyes Were Watching God

L ASTING IMPACT Gave a voice to African American culture Altered the way whites viewed their culture Ended with the national financial collapse Sense of identity and solidarity became the bedrock for the later Civil Rights Movement