Bell Ringer 8.29.2011 (Today: Do NOT write questions) 1. Do you think seeds would grow better in saltwater or freshwater? 2. Write a hypothesis explaining what you think. For example: “If I grow seeds in saltwater, then they would grow _________ than they would in freshwater.”
Bell Ringer 8.30.2011 How do living things in the environment affect non living things? Give an example How do the nonliving things affect the living things? Give an example List three nonliving things that you use everyday. 2
Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 3
I. Ecology Ecology: study of interactions between organisms and their environments Ecology reveals relationships between living and non living things 4
Biotic vs. Abiotic 1. Abiotic factors: nonliving parts of the environments examples: a. Air b. Water c. Temperature d. Sunlight e. soil 5
2. Biotic Factors: living parts of the environment Examples: a. Plants b. Animals c. Bacteria 6
Complete Chart in Notebook, do 15 items biotic abiotic X students desk X bacteria X 7
Bell Ringer 8.30.2011 Define Biotic. Define Abiotic. List 3 biotic and 3 abiotic factors in your environment at home. 8
III. Levels of Organization in Ecology From the small to the large picture Organisms: the individual living thing 2. Population: the number of one species in an area at the same time 9
Communities: a collection of interacting populations ex. mice, hawks, maple trees in an area together Ecosystems: the interactions among the populations in a community and the community’s abiotic factors. Terrestrial ecosystem Fresh water ecosystem Salt water ecosystem 10
Sponge 9/16/10 What is the difference between a population and a community? What is the difference between a community and an ecosystem? At what level of ecology would polluted water become a concern? 11
Sponge 9/20/10 A mouse is an example of a(n) ______. a. Abiotic factor b. Biotic factor Many corn plants in a corn field is an example of a(n) ________. a. population b. community c. ecosystem A rock would be part of a(n) _______. A pond is an example of a _______ ecosystem. a. terrestrial b.freshwater c. Salt water 12
IV. Organisms in Ecosystems Habitat: the place where an organism lives out its life. “the address” Example: field, forest, praire Niche: the role & position a species has in its environment. “the job” Example: a job, finding food, shelter, reproducing 13
3. environment: biotic and abiotic surroundings to which an organism must constantly adjust. 14
Sponge 9/21/10 Define habitat. Define niche. Are living things always enemies? Can they be FRIENDS?? 15
V. Living relationships Some interactions are harmful to one species, yet beneficial to another predator-prey relationship Lion-gazelle Hawk-mouse Some species enhance their chances of survival by forming relationships with other species 16
Kinds of Symbiosis Symbiosis: relationships that are close and permanent among organisms of different species A. Commensalism: one species benefits & the other species is neither harmed or benefited Ex. Bee and Maribou Stork 17
b. Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. Ex. Honey guide bird and badger Parasitism: one organism benefits at the expense of the other. Parasites usually harm the host , not kill it. Ex. Cuckoo and Warbler 18
Sponge 9/23/10 What is symbiosis 2. What are the 3 kinds of Symbiosis 3. Give an example of parasitism. 19
VI. Nutrition and Energy flow Sunlight is the ultimate source of energy Autotrophs: the producers Use energy stored in chemical compounds to make their own food (PLANTS) All organisms depend on autotrophs for energy Heterotrophs: the consumers Can’t produce their own food Get nutrients by eating other organisms 20
Types of heterotrophs Herbivores: primary consumer that directly feeds on autotrophs/plants Ex. Rabbits, deer, mice Carnivores: secondary consumer feeds on other heterotrophs Ex. Predators like coyotes & lions Omnivores: feed on both plants and animals Ex. Bears eat fish and berries Decomposers: breakdown & absorb nutrients from dead organisms Ex. Bacteria, Fungus, pill bugs 21
Sponge 9/30/10 Define autotroph and give an example. Define heterotroph and give an example The cow in the picture is what type of heterotroph? 22
VII. Food Chains Food Chains: diagram that shows how matter & energy move through the ecosystem Grass Rabbit Snake Hawk Arrows show direction energy is going Food chains always start with a plant Usually have only 3-5 levels Energy is lost when moving up the food chain 23
1st trophic level: Producers 2nd trophic level: primary consumers Trophic Levels: level an organism belongs to is determined by its distance from the producer 1st trophic level: Producers 2nd trophic level: primary consumers 3rd trophic level: secondary consumers Higher trophic levels: tertiary consumers 24
Energy transfer is limited by: Animals at higher levels don’t eat all available food Great amount of waste at every level (heat) Energy is expended during metabolism 25
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Sponge 10/01/10 1.In the food chain which organisms is the producer? Which organism is the primary consumer? Which organism is in the 3rd trophic level? What do the arrows indicate? 28
Food Webs: show all the possible feeding relationships at each trophic level in a community. More realistic diagram than food chain Most heterotrophs depend on more than one species for food or energy. Trophic Levels: Tertiary Consumers Secondary Consumers Primary Consumers Producers Fox Hawk Frog Snake Grass Hopper Sparrow Grass 29
Sponge 10/7/2010 Create a food web from the following food chains: Plant roots rabbit fox Plant leaves rabbit snake hawk Plant leaves mouse fox 2. Why is a food web a better diagram than a food chain? 30
Sponge 10/8/2010 1. What is NITROGEN? Is it a gas, liquid, or a solid? 2. Do you need NITROGEN? 3. Do plants need NITROGEN? 31
VIII. Cycles of Nature First: The Nitrogen Cycle 32
Nitrogen Cycle Nitrifying Bacteria: takes nitrogen out of the atmosphere and puts it in the soil as NH3 Nitrates: created by nitrifying bacteria that plants take in through roots Plants: Legumes take in nitrogen and use it to make protein Animals: eat plants so nitrogen enters protein in muscle tissue Waste & Dead organisms: return nitrogen to the soil with the help of bacteria 33
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Sponge 10/15/2010 Why is water important to our ecosystem? What is precipitation? What is evaporation? 35
` The Water Cycle pg 53 Water is recycled in 4 stages. Precipitation: rain, snow Evaporation: water molecules enter the atmosphere. Condensation: water in the atmosphere condenses on cooler surfaces than the temp. of air Transpiration: water lost through leaves in plants. 36
Sponge 10/8/2010 In your own words describe the following steps of the water cycle: Precipitation Condensation Evaportation transpiration 37
Sponge 10/11/2010 Why is nitrogen important to our ecosystem? How does bacteria play a role in the Nitrogen cycle? 38
Sponge 10/18/2010 1. When you water a plant, where does the water end up? 2. Name all 4 stages of the water cycle. 3. Which stage of the water cycle makes water drops appear on a cold glass of lemonade? 39
The Carbon Cycle pg 55 All living things are made of carbon Carbon is recycled in 4 steps Death and decay: return carbon to the soil. Respiration: by animals returns carbon dioxide to the air. Ex. Exhaling Combustion: burning materials returns carbon monoxide to the air Photosynthesis: returns carbon to living things through plant life. 40
Sponge 10/21/2010 Describe how plants have an important role in the carbon cycle. Describe how heterotrophs (ex. Animals) have an important role in the carbon cycle. 41
IX. Biomes Biome: a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of community. 2 Types of Biomes Aquatic: freshwater and saltwater Terrestrial: Tundra, Taiga, Desert, Grasslands, Temperate Forest, Tropical Rain Forest 42
10/8/09 What is a biome? What is climate? 43
Climatogram San Luis Obispo, California
Sponge 10/9/08 How does climate affect a Biome? 2. List three interesting facts that you learned about a biome this week? 3. What is a climatograph, and what information can scientists learn from it? 45
Temp. Range Precipitation Range Location Animals Present Plants Present Tundra Taiga Desert Grassland Temperate Forest Tropical Rain Forest North & South Pole Canada, Russia, China Rattle snake Kit fox, lizard Buffalo Prairie dog Oak & Elm trees Epiphytes, Palms, lianas 46
Sponge 10/12/09 1. What Biome is climatograph A from? What Biome is climatograph B from? What information did you use to answer #1 and #2. B 47
Sponge 10/13/08 1. Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere enter the biotic part of the biosphere through______. a. Combustion b. Photosynthesis Omnivores, carnivores, herbivores, scavengers, & decomposers are all ___. a. Autotrophs b. Heterotrophs Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are examples of _______. a. Ecosystems b. symbiosis 48
4. Water is lost to atmosphere from plants and tree by the process of Precipitation b. Transpiration 5. _______ is an example of a freshwater aquatic biome Estuary b. Lake 6. _____ contains nitrogen. a. Protein b. Carbohydrates 49