19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A The student is expected to: 8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups; 8C compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals; 11C summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems; 12A interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition among organisms

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A KEY CONCEPT Fungi are heterotrophs that absorb their food.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi are adapted to absorb their food from the environment. Plants and fungi have different traits. –Fungal cell walls are made of chitin. –Plant cell walls are made of cellulose. –Plants have chlorophyll and photosynthesize. –Fungi absorb food through hyphae.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi are multicellular organisms, with the exception of yeasts. – hyphae – mycellium – fruiting body

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi come in many shapes and sizes. Primitive fungi are aquatic and have flagellated spores. Sac fungi form a reproductive sac, or ascus. –Yeasts are single-celled sac fungi. –Morels and truffles are multicellular sac fungi.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Bread molds are often found on spoiled food. – form zygospores during reproduction – mycorrhizae belong to this group

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Club fungi have fruiting bodies which are club-shaped. – reproductive structures called basidia – include mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi reproduce sexually and asexually. Most fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. –Yeasts reproduce asexually through budding. –Yeasts form asci during sexual reproduction.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles. – distinctive reproductive structures

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A –life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A –life cycles may include either sexual or asexual reproduction or both Multicellular fungi have complex reproductive cycles.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A All fungi form spores and zygotes.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A The student is expected to: 11C summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems and 12A interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition among organisms

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A KEY CONCEPT Fungi recycle nutrients in the environment.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi may be decomposers, pathogens, or mutualists. Fungi and bacteria are the main decomposers in any ecosystem. –decompose dead leaves, twigs, logs, and animals –return nutrients to the soil –can damage fruit trees and wooden structures

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi can act as pathogens. – human diseases include ringworm and athlete’s foot – plant diseases include Dutch elm disease

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi can act as mutualists. – lichens form between fungi and algae – mycorrhizae form between fungi and plants

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A –relationships form between fungi and some insects Fungi can act as mutualists.

19.5 Diversity of Fungi TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C, 12A Fungi are studied for many purposes. Fungi are useful in several ways. –as food – as antibiotics – as model systems for molecular biology