Immune System, Endocrine System, & Nervous System
1.What is the function of the immune system? Fight infection by making cells that inactivate foreign substances
2.Briefly define these broad immune terms-disease, pathogen, and immunity. -Disease-a change that disrupts normal body functions (besides injury) -Pathogen-disease-causing agent -Immunity-ability to resist pathogens
3.What are the 5 NONSPECIFIC defenses against disease and briefly describe each? -skin-1st line of defense and most important -Mucous membranes- 1st line of defense-traps pathogens to be sent out -Inflammatory response-2nd line of defense-response to injury or infection=swelling, pain, & redness-increased number of WBC/phagocytes engulf pathogens Fever -2nd line of defense that raises body temperature that kills off pathogens & speeds up WBC response -Interferons-2nd line of defense proteins that block/resist viruses
4.What is the substance that cause the response and the 2 SPECIFIC defenses against the substance and briefly describe each? - Antigens-substance that triggers immune response - Lymphocytes-white blood cells (B and T cells) -Plasma cells make Antibodies-proteins that recognize & bind to antigens
5.Briefly describe Humoral Immunity? Uses B cells to prevent further infections
6.What are the 3 attack defenses for humoral immunity and briefly describe each? -B cells-recognize antigens of pathogens -Antibodies-bind and attack pathogens -Memory B cells- fight pathogen faster in future
7.Briefly describe cell-mediated immunity? Uses T cells and destroys cells that are already infected
8.Briefly describe the 3 cell-mediated immunity cells -killer T cells-destroy body’s infected cells -helper T cells make memory T cells for future infections -suppressor T cells-turn off killer T cells
9.What is the correct order of healing? Blood clot-scab-newly divided cell repair-scab sloughed
10.What is the function of the nervous system? Coordinates and controls response to internal and external environment
11.What are the parts of the CNS? Brain Spinal Cord
12.What is the function of the CNS (Central Nervous System)? Relays, processes and analyzes information
13.What is the PNS made up of? Nerves/neurons
14.What is the function of the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)? Relay information to and from the CNS
15.What are the 2 divisions of the PNS? Briefly describe each. Somatic-Voluntary Autonomic-Involuntary
16. What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 16.What are the 2 divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? Briefly describe their function. Sympathetic-Fight or Flight-response to stress Parasympathetic-homeostasis-normal conditions
17. What are the 5 parts of the brain outlined in class 17.What are the 5 parts of the brain outlined in class? Name at least 1 function for each Cerebrum-voluntary act., senses, intelligence/learning, & judgment Cerebellum-muscle coordination & balance Brain Stem-relays info between brain & spinal cord, emotions, & homeostasis Thalamus-gets messages from sensory neurons & distributes to cerebrum for analysis Hypothalamus-hunger, thirst, fatigue, & body temperature
18.What is the reflex arc? Rapid, involuntary muscle movement
19.What is bypassed in the reflex arc? Brain
20.What part of the body does the left hemisphere control? Right? Left brain controls right body side Right brain controls left body side
21.What is the creative/artistic part of the brain? Right hemisphere
22.What is the logical/analytical part of the brain? Left hemisphere
23.What neuron carries sensory information from the body to the CNS? Sensory neurons
24.What neuron carries information to the muscles/glands from the CNS? Motor neurons
25.Who do interneurons relay information to? Brain/spinal cord & to motor neurons
26.Who do interneurons get information from? Brain/spinal cord & sensory neurons
27.What part of the nerve cell/neuron receives impulses? Dendrites
28.What part of the nerve surrounds the nucleus? Cell body
29.What part carries impulses away from the cell body? Axon
30.What is the end of the neuron? Axon terminal
31.What insulates the axon? Myelin sheath
32.What is an electrochemical message? Impulse
33.What is the space between neurons? Synapse or synapse cleft
34.What chemicals transmit impulse in the synapse? neurotransmitters
35.What does a receptor do? Recognize & accept the neurotransmitters
36.What is the endocrine system function? Transmit chemical messages to control growth, development & metabolism
37.What is the relationship of the gland and hormones? Glands produce & release hormones
38.What are the 2 types of glands? Briefly describe. Exocrine-secrete nonhormonal chemicals through ducts out of body (sweat,oil) Endocrine-secretes hormones into the bloodstream
39.What are the 4 glands discussed in class? Briefly describe. Pituitary gland (in brain)-regulates other glands Thyroid (in neck)-regulates metabolism Adrenal (above kidneys)-regulates epinephrine/adrenaline-response to stress Pancreas-regulates glucose level (insulin)
40.Describe negative feedback mechanism. Adjusts to changes inside & outside the body to maintain homeostasis