The Changing Workplace Chapter 8-4
Women work in homes Cottage industry: goods produced at home finished goods brought to manufacturer Replaced by power looms (decreased time and lowered costs) Early 19 th century work
Artisans worked in shops attached to homes Master: most experienced artisan Journeyman: skilled worker – master’s assistant Apprentice: young worker learning skills Factories lowered costs & let unskilled workers make goods rather than trained artisans
“mill girls” = unmarried farm girls who worked in textile factories Lowell Mill: Women were paid less than men – but working in a mill paid more than other careers for women 5am- 7:30pm work day Factories badly ventilated = illness & discomfort Farm to Factory
Strike: a work stoppage designed to force an employer to respond to workers’ demands Lowell strikes: mainly because of wage cuts 1834: 800 mill girls 1836: 1,600+ mill girls 1845: Lowell Female Labor Reform Association founded Strikes
Employers won most strikes in 1830s and 1840s – could easily replace unskilled workers Strikebreakers: mostly immigrants who worked long hours for low wages
Trades unions designed to standardize wages and conditions in each industry National Trades’ Union: largest union formed by trade unions that united to form federations (lasted until 1837) Fought for common goals Hard to organize together because courts said strikes were illegal Unions
: increase in European immigration : 3 million immigrants came to US (mostly German & Irish) : almost1 million Irish immigrants Great Potato Famine : killed 1 million Irish and caused another million to come to US Irish were hated (Catholic, poor, worked for extremely low wages and horrible conditions) Immigration Increases
Supported workers’ rights to strike (upheld rights of labor) 20,000+ workers were involved in strikes for better working conditions and wages by 1860 Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842