City-States Review- In your groups discuss what you have already learned about city-states

The Middle Ages

The beginning of the Middle Ages (AKA Dark Ages) Fall of Rome – No central power to provide order Many Peoples invaded the area Social and Economic Chaos – Loss of education, literacy – Trade Declined Cities were abandoned – Moved to towns, villages

Rebuilding Society – Feudalism (political system) – Manor system (economic system) – Rebuilt Trade and Infrastructure

Feudalism Form of government based on exchange of land for protection and services

Feudalism Hierarchy- Descending power and authority Social Class system- Inherited Well defined Investiture- Loyalty and Service secured by Oath (contract)

Feudal Class System Lords – Nobles that were given lands by king to maintain in return for service (Landlords) Knights- Lesser Nobles that were also given lands to maintain in return for service Serf-Worked the land and could not leave (Indentured) Peasants- Worked the land but could leave (Freemen)

How Feudalism Works King or Nobel gives control of a piece of land ( Fief) to another Nobel (Vassal) in return for service and taxes Fief - is a piece of land given to a vassal by a lord to manage and protect. Vassal - Anyone who pledged their loyalty and service to another in return for a grant of land. Nobles can then divide up land further to other Nobles (Knights) or peasants/surfs in return for service and taxes

Vassals Most noble vassals were knights: Professional horse soldiers Vassals provided military service and paid taxes to lords Mostly taxes were paid in crops Ultimately everyone was a vassal of the king

Feudal Structure

Manor system Basic economic arrangement within Feudalism Revolved around the manor or large estate of the lord Based on set of rights and obligations between serfs and lords

Manor system Lords protected land Peasants farmed the fields Serfs were legally tied to the land

Manors: Self-Sufficient Community Manor Had: Fortified house/castle Village Fields for crops Pasture for animals Church Mill to grind grain Blacksmith.

Growth of Towns People in Towns Asked for Charters – Written documents assuring rights – Formalized relationship to lord Merchants set up Headquarters in towns Middle class began to grow (Between Peasants and Nobles)

Trade Guilds Association of merchants and artisans that governed town – Controlled prices/wages in town – Set standards – Regulated Trade – Trained Members Apprentice Journeyman Master (Join Guild)

Economic Changes Regained Control of Medterianian Rubuilt Roman Roads Trade system re-created Trade Fairs –Meet for several weeks to trade each year –Business grew to support

The Crusades The origin intent was to unite the Roman and Byzantine churches under the leadership of Pope Urban II. The first Crusade succeeded in capturing Jerusalem from the Muslims. The second Crusade failed to capture Edessa. The third Crusade attempted to re-capture Jerusalem and failed.

Warriors traveled from Europe to the Middle East.

Results of the Crusades The pope and the feudal nobility both suffered a loss of power. Religious tolerance decreased. Hatred between Muslims and Christians remained high. An increase in trade sparked European expansion.

3 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List ideas associated with chivalry. Section 3 Assessment continued... HOME The Age of Chivalry war games for glory Christian faith courtesy loyalty courtly love epic poems women on pedestal courage horses as status symbols Chivalry

3 Section 3 Assessment ANSWER Helped women: Showed new respect and admiration; made the love between men and women more important; offset Church’s dim view of women Hindered women: Fostered unrealistic visions of women; encouraged a distant admiration of women instead of a respect for women’s abilities and ideas; valued unrequited love over relationships or marriage; applied to very few women Possible Responses: 2. Do you think the idea of romantic love helped or hindered women? Why? THINK ABOUT pros and cons of placing women on a “pedestal” the Church’s view of women the lyrics of love songs quoted in the text continued... HOME The Age of Chivalry

3 Section 3 Assessment ANSWER taught boys about courtesy and honor softened the brutality of a warlike society created guidelines for social behavior encouraged the virtues of loyalty, faith, and bravery inspired great literature Possible Responses: 3. What positive effects might the code of chivalry have had on feudal society? THINK ABOUT the ideals of chivalry the education of a knight End of Section 3 HOME The Age of Chivalry the importance of religious faith the violence and constant warfare during the Middle Ages