12/16/14 StarterConnection/Exit: What is the true meaning of the word mutation? Are mutations bad / harmful? 12/16/14 Protein Synthesis Writing 121 122.

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12/16/14 StarterConnection/Exit: What is the true meaning of the word mutation? Are mutations bad / harmful? 12/16/14 Protein Synthesis Writing Mutations Practice: Watch video and write five things you learn learn. ieZ3pk9YVo&feature=youtu.be ieZ3pk9YVo&feature=youtu.be Application: Notes: Glue Here Connection Worksheet Exit: What might happen when there is a mistake in DNA? How do mutations affect the genetic code and the protein coded for?

DECEMBER 16, 2014 AGENDA B.6 C STUDENTS WILL EXPLAIN THE PURPOSE AND PROCESS OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION USING MODELS OF DNA AND RNA. BY READING AND WRITING DURING AN ACTIVITY. 1 Starter 2. Activity 3. Ws 4. Exit

Date Lecture/ Activity/ Lab Page 11/20 DNA Model /21 DNA Writing /1 DNA Replication Activity /2 DNA Replication Model /3 Cell Cycle Notes /4 Cell Cycle Lab /5 Cell Cycle Writing /8 Cell Cycle Activity /10 RNA Notes /11 Transcription and Translation /15 Protein Synthesis Simulation /16 Mutations Table of Contents 11/19 DNA notes 97-98

MUTATIONS

INTRO- The mutations in genes was discovered by Hugo De Vries. He began this discovery quite by accident. Following along the lines of Gregor Mendel, De Vries crossed primroses and saw that when they grew, the varieties were sometimes different. He called these differences, mutations.

Mutations are a change in a gene or a chromosome. These are genetic mistakes that can effect the way in which traits are inherited.

If a gene or chromosome mutation occurs in a body cell, for example the skin, the mutation will only effect the organism that carries it. If the mutation takes place in a sex cell, that mutation can passed on to the offspring.

TYPES OF MUTATIONS Like the mistakes people make in their daily lives, mutations come in many shapes and sizes. Mutations that occur in a single cell are called gene mutations. Those that produce changes in whole chromosomes are known as chromosomal mutations. The are at least nine ways a mutation can occur.

DELETION Genetic material is removed or deleted. A few bases can be deleted (as shown on the left) or it can be complete or partial loss of a chromosome (shown on right).

FRAMESHIFT MUTATIONS The insertion or deletion of a number of bases that is not a multiple of 3. This alters the reading frame of the gene and frequently results in a premature stop codon and protein truncation.

INSERTION When genetic material is put into another region of DNA. This may be the insertion of 1 or more bases, or it can be part of one chromosome being inserted into another, non-homologous chromosome.

MISSENSE A change in DNA sequence that changes the codon to a different amino acid. Not all missense mutations are deleterious, some changes can have no effect. Because of the ambiguity of missense mutations, it is often difficult to interpret the consequences of these mutations in causing disease.

NONSENSE A change in the genetic code that results in the coding for a stop codon rather than an amino acid. The shortened protein is generally non-function or its function is impeded.

POINT MUTATIONS A single base change in DNA sequence. A point mutation may be silent, missense, or nonsense.

SILENT A change in the genetic sequence that does not change the protein sequence. This can occur because of redundancy in the genetic code where an amino acid may be encoded for by multiple codons.

SPLICE SITE A change in the genetic sequence that occurs at the boundary of the exons and introns. The consensus sequences at these boundaries signal where to cut out introns and rejoin exons in the mRNA. A change in these sequences can eliminate splicing at that site which would change the reading frame and protein sequence. INTRONS -NUCLEOTIDES THAT ARE NOT DNA SEQUENCING EXONS -NUCLEOTIDES USED TO CODE FOR PROTEINS

TRANSLOCATION A structural abnormality of chromosomes where genetic material is exchanged between two or more non-homologous chromosomes.

12/16/14 StarterConnection/Exit: What is the true meaning of the word mutation? Are mutations bad / harmful? 12/16/14 Protein Synthesis Writing Mutations Practice: Watch video and write five things you learn learn. ieZ3pk9YVo&feature=youtu.be ieZ3pk9YVo&feature=youtu.be Application: Notes: Glue Here Connection Worksheet Exit: What might happen when there is a mistake in DNA? How do mutations affect the genetic code and the protein coded for?