1. Lesson Four Structure of a Gene

2. Gene Structure What is a gene? Gene: a unit of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a protein(s) –Exons –Introns –Promoter sequences –Terminator sequences Other regulatory sequences (enhancers, silencers), which may be far from major components of a gene

3. Gene Structure Exons: contain the bases that are utilized in coding for the protein Introns: contain bases that are not utilized in coding for proteins and intervene between the exons –Introns are spliced out

4. Gene Structure Promoter: bases that provide a signal to tell the cell’s machinery where to begin transcription, usually before or within a gene Terminator: bases that provide a signal to tell the cell’s machinery where to stop transcription, usually at the end of a gene

5. Gene Structure A typical gene might look something like this: This gene has 3 exons and 2 introns ---------- = exon = intron = promoter = terminator

6. Lesson Five Transcription

7. The process of using DNA (a gene) as a template to produce messenger RNA (mRNA) Occurs in the nucleus Template strand – the strand of DNA that is accessed to make mRNA Coding strand – the strand of DNA that is NOT accessed to make mRNA. The mRNA that is made from the template strand will be identical to the coding strand (with the exception of U’s for T’s)

9. RNA Modification Trimming: removing bases from the 5’ and 3’ ends Capping: adding a methylated G to the 5’ end –Necessary for RNA localization to the ribosome Tailing: addition of A’s to the 3’ end of the mRNA –More A’s = more stabile mRNA Splicing: removing introns prior to mRNA transport to the nucleus

11. Lesson Six Translation

12. The process of using mRNA as a template to generate a polypeptide that will eventually become a mature protein Also called protein synthesis Requires the ‘genetic code’ –Based on 64 codons, each with 3 nucleotides –Provides the link between DNA and protein sequence

13. Translation Requires Different Types of DNA mRNA: messenger RNA; major product of transcription –Represents the code for the primary amino acid sequence of a protein –Only type of RNA that is translated tRNA: transfer RNA –Recognizes the mRNA code (tri-nucleotide) and brings with it (or transfers) the appropriate amino acid to the protein –Link between mRNA and protein rRNA: ribosomal RNA –Part of the ribosomes –Involved with translation by helping to align the mRNAs and tRNAs

20. Protein Processing Final transport

21. Primary control of gene expression Genomics to Proteomics

22. Lesson Seven Mutations

23. Point Mutations Involves a single base pair –Substitution, insertion, deletion –SNPs May not affect amino acid sequence –Same sense (silent, neutral, synonymous, same sense) –Due to redundancy of the genetic code May affect amino acid sequence (nonsynonymous) –Missense (results from a change in an amino acid) –Nonsense (results from a change to a stop codon – truncated protein) –Frame shift mutations (insertion or deletion of 1+ bases - alters the reading frame)

24. Missense Mutation Sickle Cell Anemia