FIDELITY IN TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION PLAN 1.Fidelity as a phenomenon in translation 2.Verbalizing a simple idea 3.Principles of fidelity 3.1. Primary information (message) 3.2. Secondary information (framing, linguistically induced, personal)

Fidelity: 1. strict observance of promises, duties; 2. adherence to facts or details; 3. loyalty; 4. conjugal faithfulness; 5. accuracy, faithfulness. Can a translation be “fully” faithful while retaining all merits of the Source Language Text? The main problem with fidelity or accuracy (exactness) of the translation is in the fact that there are no isomorphic languages. There is no one-to-one correspondence between the Source text and the Target text.

There are three types of equivalents. They are lexical, phraseological and grammatical. Lexical equivalents are correlated words in the Source and target languages. There are two types of context: linguistic and situational. The linguistic context is made up by the Source language units, the situational context includes the temporal, spatial and other circumstances under which the Source text was produced. Phraseological equivalents can be found in both languages, in case when it is impossible word-to-word translation can be given.

Grammatical equivalents. The choice of grammatical units largely depends on the semantics and combinability of its lexical elements. Practically, there are no permanent grammatical equivalents. While translating grammatical equivalents the translator can use: - zero translation when the grammatical unit is not translated at all; - appropriate translation when the translator makes use of a Target language form partially equivalent to the equivalent- lacking unit of the Source language.

2. Verbalizing a simple idea In any language one and the same idea can be expressed by different words, different utterances. Given the same idea (message) presented under exactly identical conditions at the same point of time, individuals sharing the same mother- tongue tend to give different sentences to express these ideas. The result is due to the way the students understood the message presented to them according to their background knowledge and to their culture. Fidelity is applied not only to the content (message) but also to its packaging. In translation different sentences in the target language can reflect the same message as the one initially generated in the Source language.

3. Principles of fidelity 3.1. Primary information (message) In informative communication the Sender formulates the discourse as a carrier of a message for the purpose of achieving an aim such as informing, explaining, persuading. For the Sender communication is successful if his aim is achieved. The translator represents the sender and he does his work well when all information reaches the Receiver. The first principle of fidelity says that the Message or Primary information is not allowed to be completely changed it may be only reformulated. The absolute fidelity rule says that the message or Primary information should always be re-expressed in the Target language text.

3.2. Secondary information It consists of framing information, linguistically induced information, personal. Framing information is selected by the Sender for the purpose of facilitating the reception by receiver. Cairo, Illinois. Cairo, Egypt. Some original framing information may be eliminated and some added.

Linguistically induced information It is not introduced by the Sender. It is induced by the linguistic rules of the Source language and the target language. In translation within a sentence structural changes are accepted and are legitimate. In the interests of the efficiency of communication long sentences may be segmented into shorter ones, and sentences that follow each other in the Source language text may be merged in the target language text. But the order of the consecutive sentences should not be changed in he target text. In interpretation more extensive stylistic and informational changes may be acceptable.

Personal information is associated with personal habits or style of the sender. It concerns a regional or foreign accent, certain errors in grammar, or certain lexical and stylistic choices which carry information about a speaker’s personal background ( mother-tongue, level of education, social class, etc….). In translation if it is not done deliberately this personal information should be reconstructed. The order of priorities: Linguistically induced information in which changes are generally introduced in order to produce a linguistically acceptable target text; Personal information; Framing information, which should be changed only if inadequate for the Target text receiver.