Metabolism
Metabolism Metabolism = Anabolism + Catabolism Photosynthesis requires Respiration Respiration requires Photosynthesis Energy Production = Energy Consumption Chapter 5
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Breakdown Synthesis Proteins to Amino Acids, Starch to Glucose Amino Acids to Proteins, Glucose to Starch Chapter 5
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Overview of Metabolism Source of Energy (Photo- vs. Chemotroph) Source of Electrons Carrier of Electrons Final Electron Acceptor Source of Carbon (Auto- vs. Heterotroph) Auto- : Carbon Dioxide Hetero- : Organic Compounds Chapter 5
Classification based on Metabolism Where microbes get their energy? Sunlight vs. Chemical Photo- vs. Chemo- trophs How do they obtain carbon? Carbon Dioxide (or inorganic cmpds.) vs. Organic Compounds (sugars, amino acids) Auto- vs. Hetero- trophs Examples Photoautotrophs vs. Photoheterotrophs Chemoautotrophs vs. Chemoheterotrophs Chapter 5
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Types of -trophs Chapter 5
Source of Electrons Autotrophs Chemotrophs Photosynthesis H2O, H2S Organic Compounds Carbohydrates (C H2O) Glucose, Lactose, Sucrose Amino Acids Chapter 5
Electron Carriers Photosynthesis Respiration NADP + H to NADPH NAD + H to NADH FAD + H to FADH Chapter 5
Final Electron Acceptor Photosynthesis CO2 + H’s to CH2O Stores energy Respiration Aerobic 1/2 O2 + H 2 to H2O Anaerobic Fermentation Chapter 5
Movement of Electrons Chemical reactions Oxidation Reactions Reduction Reactions Reactions Coupled Redox reactions Chapter 5
Example of Redox Equations Chapter 5
Example of Redox Equations Chapter 5
Examples ATP ADP + P ADP + P ATP NAD + H NADH FADH FAD + H Oxidation, release energy ADP + P ATP Reduction, stores energy NAD + H NADH FADH FAD + H NH4 + 11/2O2 NO2- +H2O + 2H + ATP 2H2 + O2 2H2 O Chapter 5
Examples Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis C6H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + 38 ATP Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + light C6H12 O6 + 6O2 Chapter 5
Respiration Overview; 4 separate reactions Requires Oxygen Glucose to Carbon dioxide + Water +Energy C6H12O6 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP Glucose is highly reduced; contains energy Oxygen receives the electrons to form energy 4 separate reactions Glycolysis, Transition Reaction, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport, Chemiosomosis Requires Oxygen Chapter 5
Steps in Respiration Electron Donors Electron Carriers Organic Compounds (Glucose preferred) Electron Carriers NAD to NADH FAD to FADH Electron Acceptors-Terminal O2 to H2O Phosphorylation Reactions ADP to ATP Chemiosmosis Reactions Chapter 5
Glycolysis- 10 steps Glucose is Phosphorylated to form Fructose 1,6-diphosphate Split to form 2 Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Final Products are: 2 Pyruvic Acid (C3H4O3) Compare to original glucose - C6H12O6 2 NADH 2 ATP Chapter 5
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Transition Reaction Pyruvic Acid Acetyl - Co A + CO2 + NADH C2H4O2 Chapter 5
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Kreb’s Cycle Figure E.3, A29 Acetyl CoA Carbon Dioxide C2H4O2 to CO2 Energy produced/Acetyl CoA (x2 for /Glucose) 3 NADH 1 FADH 1 ATP Metabolic Wheel Fats, amino acids, etc. enter or leave Citrate is product of first reaction Chapter 5
Electron Transport Chain NADH oxidized to NAD FAD reduced to FADH Cytochromes shuffle electrons finally to O2 Cytochrome Oxidase important in G - ID H2O formed and ATP 3 ATP / 1 NADH 2 ATP / 1 FADH Chapter 5
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vcell.ndsu.edu/animations/etc/first.htm vcell.ndsu.edu/.../atpsynthase_04.htm Chapter 5
Chemiosmosis Production of ATP in Electron Transport Electrochemical Gradient Formed between membranes H+ (Protons) generated from NADH Electrical Force (+) & pH Force (Acid) Gradient formed ATPase enzyme that channels H+ from High to Low concentration 3 ATP/NADH 2 ATP/NADH Chapter 5
Fermentation Products Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide Yeast mostly Lactic Acid Humans, muscles without oxygen Bacteria (Lactobacillus-yogurt) Chapter 5
Fermentation in Yeast Chapter 5
Fermentation in Muscle Chapter 5
Summary of Respiration Aerobic Respiration Glycolysis Transition Rx. Kreb’s Cycle Electron Transport Chain Anaerobic Respiration Pyruvate Lactic Acid Mixed Acids Alcohol + CO2 Recycle NADH 2 ATP / Glucose Chapter 5