The Reformation SOL WHII.3

For centuries, the Roman Catholic Church had little competition in religious thought and action.

The resistance of the church to change led to the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in the birth of new political and economic institutions. No Change

Conflicts that Challenged the Church in Rome

Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury. Usury was the practice of lending money and charging a very high interest rate.

German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church. The Vatican and the Pope were located in Italy.

The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.

Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict. An indulgence was a pardon which released a sinner from performing church penalties.

Martin Luther The Lutheran Tradition Believed that salvation was attained by faith alone Viewed the Bible as the ultimate religious authority Believed that all humans were equal before God – they did not have to speak to God “through” the priests

He wrote the 95 Theses stating wrongs of the Catholic church and nailed them to the door of the Church. He also distributed them throughout Europe.

John Calvin The Calvinist Tradition Believed in predestination Preached the importance of a strong work ethic, moral behavior, and thrift to followers Believed that a person’s faith was revealed by living a righteous life

Predistination This is the belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation. Man’s salvation is predestined.

The Calvinist Church and John Calvin’s beliefs spread to France, the Netherlands, and Scotland. John Calvin was responsible for the expansion of the Protestant Movement.

King Henry The Anglican Tradition King Henry dismissed the authority of the Pope in Rome because the Church would not grant him a divorce from his wife, Catharine of Aragon, who had not produced a male heir to the throne.

After breaking with Rome, King Henry VIII headed the national Church of England. He then appropriated the lands and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England and kept them for himself.

The Reformation had its roots in theology, but it led to important economic and political changes. Religious differences and hatreds caused war and destruction.

Reformation in Germany

The Princes in Northern Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states. By ending Papal authority, the Princes were able to gain economic and political power. Princes in Northern Germany gained power

The Hapsburg family headed by Ferdinand II continued to support the Roman Catholic Church. Supported the Catholic Church

Conflict between Protestants and Catholics resulted in devastating wars such as the Thirty Years’ War.

Reformation in England

The Anglican Church became a national church throughout the British Isles under Elizabeth I.

The Reformation contributed to the rise of capitalism in England.

Reformation in France

The Catholic monarchy granted Protestant Huguenots freedom of worship by the Edict of Nantes which was later revoked.

Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus of the Thirty Years’ War from a religious to a political conflict. He was appointed by Louis XIII and took steps to strengthen the power of the monarchy by moving against Protestantism and nobility.

The Catholic Church was concerned about the growing Protestant movement. The Church mounted a series of reforms and reasserted its authority.

The Society of Jesus, known as the Jesuits, was founded as a response to the Reformation. The Jesuits main objective was to spread Catholic doctrine around the world.

Those against the Church were tortured and even put to death. The Catholic Church harshly dealt with those who were challenging their authority. The Inquisition was established to reinforce the Catholic Doctrine. Those against the Church were tortured and even put to death.

At first, the Reformation divided the countries of Europe on religious principles, leading to religious intolerance. Countries Divided

Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch Power in most European states was concentrated in the monarch. The Reformation, however, triggered a growth of secularism, individualism, and growth of religious tolerance.

The printing press, which was invented by Johannes Gutenberg had an important impact on spreading the ideas of the Reformation and Renaissance.

The Bible was the first full size book printed with movable type The Bible was the first full size book printed with movable type. It was printed in English, French, and German. A growth in literacy was stimulated by the Gutenberg printing press.

Test Yourself

1. Who posted the 95 Theses and spread them throughout Europe? Martin Luther What did this begin? The Protestant Reformation and the birth of the Protestant Church

2. Why did the Princes in Northern Germany convert to Protestantism? They were able to gain power both politically and economically by ending Papal authority.

3. What was an indulgence? People were able to buy a pardon from the Church to release them from performing church penalties for sins.

4. What was a strong belief of John Calvin? Predestination What is this belief? God had already determined or “predestined” who would gain salvation.

5. What did John Calvin preach to his followers? The virtue of hard work, moral living, and thrift.

6. Who fought the Thirty Years War? The Princes of Northern Germany and the Hapsburg family led by Ferdinand II Why? The Princes of Northern Germany were Protestants and the Hapsburg family were Catholics

7. How was England’s economy effected by the Reformation? There was a rise in capitalism.

8. Who became the supreme head of the Church of England? The King (or queen) of England Who was the king that established this in the Act of Supremacy? King Henry VIII

9. What document gave the French Huguenots religious freedom? The Edict of Nantes

10. What was the first book printed in full text? The Bible What invention stimulated literacy and allowed for widespread distribution of the Bible? The printing press invented by Gutenberg

11. What was the Catholic Church’s reaction to the Reformation? They tried to crush the rebelling religions through harsh punishment and started the Inquisition.

12. What did the Reformation trigger? Growth of secularism, individualism, and religious tolerance.

What was the goal of the Jesuits? 13. What group was founded by the Catholic Church in response to the Reformation? The Society of Jesus - Jesuits What was the goal of the Jesuits? To spread Catholic doctrine worldwide

14. Where was the Thirty Years War fought? Germany and central Europe

15. What was Martin Luther’s view of the Church? He felt the Bible was the ultimate authority NOT the Catholic Church and that all men were equal before God.