1 Classification copyright cmassengale

2 There are 13 billion known species of organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified New organisms are still being found and identified Species of Organisms copyright cmassengale

3 What is Classification? __________ is the arrangement of organisms into orderly _______ based on their __________ Classification is also known as ___________ _________ are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale

4 Benefits of Classifying _______ and _______names organisms _______ and _______names organisms Prevents ______ such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Prevents ______ such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses the same language for all names, usually _______ and sometimes ______ Uses the same language for all names, usually _______ and sometimes ______ Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale

5 Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale

6 Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale

7 Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, _______ was the first taxonomist 2000 years ago, _______ was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into ______ and _____ Aristotle divided organisms into ______ and _____ He subdivided them by their _____ -land, sea, or air dwellers He subdivided them by their _____ -land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale

8 Early Taxonomists _____ ____, a scientist who studied plants (a ______), was the first to use Latin for naming _____ ____, a scientist who studied plants (a ______), was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long ______ telling everything about the plant His names were very long ______ telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale

– 1778 _________ _________ 18th century ________ Classified organisms by their _________ Developed _______ _______still used today copyright cmassengale

10 Carolus Linnaeus Called the “_________ of _________” Called the “_________ of _________” Developed the modern system of naming known as _________ ________ Developed the modern system of naming known as _________ ________ ____-____ name (_____ & ______) ____-____ name (_____ & ______) copyright cmassengale

11 Standardized Naming ________ ______used ________ ______used _____ _______ _____ _______ Latin or Greek Latin or Greek _______ in print _______ in print Always _______ _______, but NOT species Always _______ _______, but NOT species _______ both when writing _______ both when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale

12 Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale

13 Rules for Naming Organisms The _________ _______ for _______ _________ contains the rules for naming organisms The _________ _______ for _______ _________ contains the rules for naming organisms All names must be approved by __________ __________ ___________(International Zoological Congress) All names must be approved by __________ __________ ___________(International Zoological Congress) This prevents __________ names This prevents __________ names copyright cmassengale

14 Classification Groups _______ (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed _______ (taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a _______ of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific There is a _______ of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific copyright cmassengale

15 Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups D_____ K______ P_____ C_____ O_____ F_____ G_____ Sp_____ BROADEST TAXON Most Specific copyright cmassengale

Dear—_______-- Broadest Taxon—Most inclusive King--_______ Phillip--_______ Came--______ Over--______ For--______ Good--______ Spaghetti—______-- Most Specific Taxon—Most Exclusive copyright cmassengale16

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19 _______,most inclusive taxon _______,most inclusive taxon ______ domains ______ domains ______ and _____ are __________ _________(no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) ______ and _____ are __________ _________(no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) ______ are more complex and have a ______ and membrane- bound _________ ______ are more complex and have a ______ and membrane- bound _________ Domains copyright cmassengale

20 ARCHAEA Kingdom - _____________ Probably the 1 st cells to evolve Live in _______ environments Found in: – _______ _______Plants (Methanogens) – ______ or _________ Vents (___________) – Hot Springs or Geysers that are _______ – Very _____ water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - ___________ copyright cmassengale

21 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

22 BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in _____ ______ except harsh ones Important ________ for environment ________ important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale

23 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

24 Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms _______ (protozoans, algae…) _______ (protozoans, algae…) ______ (mushrooms, yeasts …) ______ (mushrooms, yeasts …) ____ (multicellular plants) ____ (multicellular plants) _____(multicellular animals) _____(multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale

25 Protista Most are _____ Most are _____ Some are ______ Some are ______ Some are ____, while others are _______ Some are ____, while others are _______ ______ ______ copyright cmassengale

26 Fungi _______, except yeast _______, except yeast __________ heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) __________ heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of ____ Cell walls made of ____ copyright cmassengale

27 Plantae _______ _______ ________ ________ Absorb _______ to make _______ – Photosynthesis Absorb _______ to make _______ – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of __________ Cell walls made of __________ copyright cmassengale

28 Animalia _________ _________ _______ _______ ___________ (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) ___________ (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on _____ or _________ Feed on _____ or _________ copyright cmassengale

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30 Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) evolutionary relationships Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale

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32 Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale

33 Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale

34 Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale

35 Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale

36 Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale

37 Dichotomous Keying Used to identify organisms Used to identify organisms Characteristics given in ______ Characteristics given in ______ Read _____ characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics ___ identify the organism Read _____ characteristics and either go to another set of characteristics ___ identify the organism copyright cmassengale